Human nutrition Vitamins

Thiamine is stored in

the liver

thiamine function form

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

thiamine is absorbed in the

duodenum

amino acids have 3 parts

amine group, carboxyl group, R grouo

amino acids differ in their

R group

all enzyme, receptors, lipoprotein, cell components like ion channels and transporters, some hormones are

made up of protein

gluconeogensis

making new glucose with body protein (alanine)

gluconeogensis occurs in the

liver

deamination

During gluconeogenis when protein in broken down liver has to get rid of the nitrogeous amine group

during deamination the nitrogen is discarded through

urea

kwashiorkor

adequate cal but Severe protein deficiency leading to malnutrition, especially in children. Symptoms include edema (low albumin), stunted growth, cachexia, and weakened immune system (and anemia from lack of hemoglobin).

marasmus

Severe malnutrition condition characterized by extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and overall weakness. Common in children due to insufficient intake of calories and protein. Results in stunted growth, weakened immune system, and increased susceptibility to infections. Can be caused by poverty, inadequate diet, or underlying medical conditions.

Phenylketonuria

A genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to process an amino acid called phenylalanine. This leads to a buildup of phenylalanine in the blood, which can cause intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, and other health issues if left untreated.

maple syrup urine diease

Inherited metabolic disorder affecting branched-chain amino acids metabolism. Deficiency of enzyme leads to accumulation of toxic metabolites causing sweet-smelling urine, seizures, developmental delay, feeding problems. Managed with low-protein diet, special formulas, supplements. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better outcomes.

fat soluble vitamines

A D E K

Water soluble vitamines

Vit C

B vitamines

thiamin is mostly found in

pork nuts/grains

thiamine serves as a coenzyme for

glucose metabolism which is critical for nerve function (more spec red blood cells that supply rhese nerves)

Thiamine also helps

DNA/RNA synthesis

what decrease matbolic activity of thimain

alcohol

`encephalopathy`

A condition characterized by brain dysfunction due to decrease blood flow

Beri-beri cardiomegal

enlarged heart due to thiamin defeciency

Pitting edema

Due to thiamin defiency when fluid accumulates in certain area

Thiamin deficiency can also cause

ophthalmoplegia, weakness in the area and affects wenickes area leading to loss of attention and focus in brain

niacin B vitamin mostly found in

meat fish and poultry

Functional form of niacin

NAD (electron carrier)

Niacin helps repair

intestinal and skin cells

Niacin is also a

coenzyme and is important for brain function and energy metabolism

Deficency of niacin results in (4 d)

dermitis, demtia, diarrhera, death

how can nicain supplements decrease risk of CVD

by increase HDL

Vitamin B 12

found in protein, dairy and grains

Vitamin B 12 function form

methylcyanpcobalamine

B12 aids in

RBC cell divison and homocystein metabolism and myelin synthesis

homocysteine

type of amino acid. Your body naturally makes it. But at high levels, it can damage the lining of arteries. It can encourage blood clotting. This may raise your risk for coronary artery disease, heart attacks, blood clots, and strokes.

b12 also decrease methylmatonic acids which

increase nerve functionality (presence of methylmatonic acids makes nerve communication slower)

B12 converts homocysteine into

methionine

macrocystic anemia

anemia occuring as a result from b12 deficiency, red blood cells become really large (which is the first step for cell divsion) but dont undergo cell divison

Folate

B vitamine found in Kale/Spinach and fortified grains

A deficiency disease caused by inadequate intake or absorption of niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death if left untreated.

pellegra

functional form of folate

methytetrahydrofolate

Healthy intestine are need to convert folate to

functional form (anything that effects insteine would affect follate)

folate serves a coenzyme and in

homocysteine metabolism

folate in homocysteine meatbolism

folate works with B12 by transfering methyl group to conver homoecystein to methionione

Folate and b12 are also needed in

Red blood cell divison

deficeny in folate results in

neural tube defects (when spinal cord doesnt close leading to complications such as paralysis)

IN this case folate supplement is recommended nbecause

it is needed to close nueral tube which developped 4 wekks into conceptions but most women dont know they’re pregnant until 6 week so 400 mcg

Vitamin c is not a B vitamin

it is found in fruits and beggies

Vitamin C function form

ascorbic acids

Vitamin C supports

immune system

collogin synthesis and would healing

and iron metabolism

Vitamin C is an antioxident that is

important for cell membrane such as decreasing free radicals

Petechiae

Tiny, pinpoint-sized red or purple spots on the skin scaused by broken capillaries. due to a lack of vitamin C

Free radicals

Highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. Can damage protein lipid and DNA cells (by taking their electrons) and contribute to aging and disease.

Vitamin C deficency can also cause

bleeding gums

Vitamin A is

an antioxident found in veggies like carrots

Vitamin A has alot to do with our

vision

Vitamin A function form

Retinoic acid

Since Vitamin A is fat souble it

needs the use of chlyomircron to be absorbed

Vitamin A aids in

cell differnciation

Vitamin A is also extemely important for birth but too much can lead to

birth defects

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to

xeropthalmia (dryness of eye) and blindness, fidded spots in eye

Vitamin A is necessary for

bone growth

Vitamin D is

found in dairy and salmon (can also get in from sun)

Functional Form of Vitamin d

calcitriol

Circulating form of Vit D

colcidial

for vitamin D to be used Liver converts Cholecalaferol into

colcidial which is when activated by kidenys to calcitriol 

Vitamin D is also needed for the aborbtion of calcium in

bone minerilization

deficiency in calcium results in

sofetening of the bone

Rickets

softening of the bone children

osteomalcia

softening of the bone in adults

Genu Varum

weak legs

Vitamin E

antioxident that is found in nuts and plant oil

functional form for vitamin E

alpha tocopherol

Vitamin E is primary found in

cell mambrane

Vitamin E protects

lungs from oxidative damage from envionrment and protects nucleus membrane

Vitamin E works with C to stop the damage caused bu free radicals

by giving it electron to stablize it it gets the electrons it gives from Vitamin C

Vitamin E supplement can increase the risk of

prostate cancer and heart/stroke but are recommended for infants

If free radical takes electron from RBC it causes

oxidative injury leading to CVD/stroke

If free radical takes electron from DNA cell

it causes cancer

proto-oncogentes

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division. When mutated, they can become oncogenes, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and leading to cancer or slowing the rate of cell growth/stopping it completely. caused by free radicals

Tumor suppressor gene

Gene that regulates cell growth and division, preventing the formation of tumors. Mutations in this gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and increase the risk of cancer. caused by free radicals

Copper and Zinc stop free radicals in

cytoplasm

Iron stops free radicals in

Peroxisomes

Vitamin E and C stops Free radicals in

cell membraneV

Vitamin E stops free radicals in

mitochondria, nucleus/dna, lysosomes (along with C)

Vitamin K is

not an antioxident, found in green veggies it is stored in fat cells and is synthesized by bacteria

Functional form of vitamin K is

Physophalom

Relationship between Vit K is Fibrin

Fibrin helps fix/clot borken blood cells and need vit K to work

WHen fibrin fixes blood vessels area becomes sticky and

omega 3 fatty acids are needed to dissolve fibrin

vitamin K deficiency leads to

lack of blood clots

Medications such as warfin can

inactivate vit K which will result in your bleeding to death

Main vit found in dairy

riboflavin, vit a, vit b12, vit D

\

Main vit found in veggies

folate, vit A, vit C, Vit E, Vit K

Main vit found in fruits

folate, vit C, Vit A

Main Vit found in Grains

Folic acid, niacin, vit B12, Riboflavin, Thiamin

Main vit found in protein

Niacin, thiamin, vit 12

minerals are found in

our enviornment ie soil

Main mineral are

calcium, phosporus, sodium, potassium, Iron, zinc, iodide

Calcium is needed for

bone and teeth helpc

calcium hydroxyapatite

compound that makes bones hard

Calcium is needed as a conezume to

produce nitrous oxide that dilates blood vessals (which decrease blood pressure)