AnaPhy Reproductive System

What is the production of gametes or reproductive cells that are produced in the gonads?

Gametogenesis

What carries the chromosomes and genetic information from each parent?

Gametes

Male gonads and the production site of male gamete or sperm cell (spermatozoon or spermatozoa -plural).

Testes

Female gonads and the production site of female gamete or egg cell (ovum or ova -plural).

Ovary

The duct system in males nourishes sperm cells until they mature and are deposited in the female reproductive tract by the penis. The female reproductive system receives the sperm from the male and provides passageway for them to the fertilization site.

Fertilization

The female reproductive system nurtures the developing fetus in the uterus until birth and provides nourishment (breast milk) after birth.

Development and nourishment of a new individual

Hormones produced by the reproductive system control its development and the development of the sex-specific body form. These hormones are also essential for the routine functions of the reproductive system and for reproductive behavior.

Production of reproductive hormones

What is a type of cell division specialized for sexual reproduction. It occurs in the diploid germ cells of the testes and ovaries?

Meiosis

What are the products of meiosis?

Haploid gametes

two divisions meiosis includes?

meiosis I and meiosis II

Cells that contain two full sets of chromosomes.

Diploid cells

Each diploid human cell contains how many chromosomes?

46

Diploid cells of the testes and ovaries. The only cells that can undergo meiosis and develop in gametes.

Germ cells

Diploid cells that do not directly participate in reproductions. Neurons and myocytes are examples.

Somatic cells

Cells that contain only one full set of genetic information amounting to 23 chromosomes?

Haploid cells

Small oval shaped male gonads the produce sperm cells (exocrine function) and hormones (endocrine function).

Testes

Sperm cell development that occurs in the seminiferous tubules and starts at puberty. The germ cells in the seminiferous tubules divide and differentiate to form sperm cells.

Spermatogenesis

Cells in the testes that give rise to mature sperm cells via meiosis. This produces secondary spermatocytes that then undergo meiosis II.

Spermatocytes

During spermatogenesis at the stage of puberty, primary spermatocytes undergo what?

meiosis I

A tightly coiled tube that receives and stores sperm from the testes and is the site of sperm maturation.

Epididymis

It takes how many days for sperm to travel through the epididymis and appear in the ejaculate.

12-16 days

A duct branching out from the epididymis and travels upward out of the scrotum, carries sperm to the urethra.

Vas deferens or ductus deferens

Spermatic cord is formed by?

-cremaster muscle
-vas deferens
-blood vessels
-lymphatic vessels
-nerves

A soft round cord like structure that suspends and supports the testes and epididymis. It provides blood and nerve supply for the vas deferens, testes, and epididymis.

Spermatic cord

Where does Spermatic cord provides blood and nerve supply for?

Vas deferens, testes, and epididymis.

approximately 2.5 cm long that connects the vas deferens with the urethra.

Ejaculatory duct

About 20 cm long and extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis. It carries sperm, male reproductive fluids, and urine out of the body.

Urethra

Connected to the bladder and passes through the prostate glands.

Prostatic urethra

Shortest part of the urethra, extending from the prostate gland through the perineum

Membranous urethra

Longest part of the urethra, it extends from the membranous urethra through the length of the penis, where it opens to the exterior at the external urethral orifice.

Spongy urethra or penile urethra

What is the male organ of copulation, through which sperm cells are transferred from the male to the female. It is composed of erectile tissues with a network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with spaces that can fill with blood.

Penis

Is the elongated portion of the penis.

Shaft

The erectile columns that forms the dorsum and sides of the penis

Corpora cavernosa

Another erectile column forming the ventral portion of the penis

Corpus spongiosum

An expansion of the corpus spongiosum forming a cap over the distal end

Glans penis

Known as the foreskin is a loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis

Prepuce

the fluid that carries sperm cells and includes secretions from several accessory glands

Semen

Are sac shaped glands about 5 cm long that tapers into a short excretory duct that joins with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. It secretes a fructose rich fluid that is the main component of semen.

Seminal vesicles

Walnut-sized accessory organ that wraps around part of the urethra and contributes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim.

Prostate gland

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland and produces thick, clear alkaline mucus that drains into the urethra. Each bulbourethral gland is a compound mucous gland.

Bulbourethral glands or cowper glands

An extension of the peritoneum that spreads out on both sides of the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes. It helps hold the female internal reproductive organs in place.

Broad ligament

female gonads that produces egg cells (exocrine function) and hormones (endocrine function)

Ovaries

a peritoneal fold that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. The ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves traverse the suspensory ligament and enter the ovary.

Suspensory ligament

What is the ligament that attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus

Ovarian ligament

What is the making of an egg cell that begins before a female is born.

Oogenesis

What are female gonads that produces egg cells (exocrine function) and hormones (endocrine function)

Ovaries

What is the fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries that contain the oocyte. It secretes hormones that influence the stages of the menstrual cycle.

Graafian follicle or mature ovarian follicle

cells in the ovaries that give rise to mature egg cells via meiosis

Oocyte

What is the release of the egg cell from an ovary. This event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte that differentiated from the primary oocytes.

Ovulation

Tube that extends from the area of the ovary to the uterus.

Fallopian tube or uterine tube or oviduct

funnel shaped distal end of the fallopian tubes near the ovary

Infundibulum

opens directly into the peritoneal cavity to receive the secondary oocyte released from the ovary during ovulation.

uterine tube

fingerlike projections that surround the opening of the infundibulum.

Fimbriae

What consists the inner surface of fimbriae that sweeps the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube?

cilia

part of the uterine tube that is nearest the infundibulum. It is the widest and longest part of the tube where fertilization occurs

Ampulla

sac like organ that receives the egg cell or the zygote and is the site where the embryo develops. It is like the size and shape of a medium-sized pear, slightly flattened anteroposteriorly.

Uterus

attaches to the lateral wall of the uterus to the sacrum for support

Uterosacral ligament

extends from the uterus through the inguinal canals to the labia majora of the external genitalia to support the uterus

Round ligament

larger, rounded part of the uterus that is directed superiorly in the pelvic cavity

Fundus

narrower part of the uterus directed inferiorly in the pelvic cavity and opens to the vagina

Cervix

the main part of the uterus and is the region between the fundus and the cervix

Body

a slight constriction that marks the junction of the cervix and the body

Isthmus

sac like organ that receives the egg cell or the zygote and is the site where the embryo develops. It is like the size and shape of a medium-sized pear, slightly flattened anteroposteriorly

Uterus

What are the Uterine Wall Layers?

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

What is the serous layer that is the visceral peritoneum and outer lining that covers the uterus?

Perimetrium

What is the muscle layer that is composed of a thick layer of smooth muscle? It accounts for the bulk of the uterine wall and is the thickest layer of smooth muscle in the body.

Myometrium

What is the innermost layer of the uterus having a rich blood supply needed for pregnancy? It is shed during menstruation.

Endometrium

What is the female organ of copulation, receiving the penis during intercourse. It also allows menstrual flow and childbirth. Its wall consists of an outer muscular layer and an inner mucous membrane?

Vagina

What refers to the external female sex organs?

Vulva or pudendum

What is the space into which the vagina opens posteriorly and the urethra opens anteriorly?

Vestibule

What is the greater vestibular glands, two pea sized glands found at the posterior wall of the vaginal opening secreting mucus for lubrication (homologous to the male's bulbourethral gland)

Bartholin's gland

Lesser vestibular glands, pair of glands located at the anterior wall of the vaginal opening secreting fluids for lubrication (homologous to the male's prostate gland)

Skene's gland

What is a pair of thin longitudinal skin folds that form a border on each side of the vestibule?

Labia minora

prominent, rounded folds of skin found lateral to the labia minora

Labia majora

thin fold of mucosa that partially closes the distal end of the vagina

Hymen

a small erectile structure located in the anterior margin of the vestibule

Clitoris

a fold of skin over the clitoris formed by two labia minora

Prepuce

an elevation over the pubic symphysis formed by the union of two labia majora

Mons pubis

similar to the male perineum, is the area between the posterior part of the vulva and the anus. The skin and muscle of this region can tear during childbirth.

Perineum

The region between the vagina and the anus is the?

clinical perineum

present in both sexes, but they normally function only in females. These are the organs of milk production and they are located within the breasts.

Mammary glands

Each adult female mammary gland usually consists of how many glandular lobes? covered by a considerable amount of adipose tissue, giving the breast its form

15 -20

secretory sacs that produces milk when the woman is lactating

Mammary alveolus

cluster of mammary alveoli that makes up a breast lobe. The lobe then drains produced milk via the lactiferous duct

Mammary lobules

the milk duct found in each lobe which opens independently of other lactiferous ducts on the surface of the nipple, draining produced milk

Lactiferous duct

a spindle shaped structure formed by the lactiferous duct where milk accumulates during milk letdown

Lactiferous sinus

the projection at the mammary glands on the surface of which the lactiferous ducts open

Nipple

pigmented area that surrounds the central protruding nipple. Its slight bumpy surface is caused by the presence of the areolar glands just below the surface

Areola

a group of suspensory ligaments that support and hold the breasts in place

Cooper ligaments

It refers to the cyclic changes in sexually mature, non-pregnant females. It is normally described as 28 days long.

Menstrual cycle

Stages of the menstrual cycle consists of the?

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cycle

refers to the regular events that occur in the ovaries of a sexually mature, non-pregnant women during the menstrual cycle. It is hormonally regulated

Ovarian cycle

occurs before ovulation where a primordial follicle develops into a graafian follicle as the primary oocyte inside continues the first meiotic division.

Follicular phase

houses the primary oocytes present at birth. But once puberty begins, some of the primordial follicles mature into graafianfollicles. This transition occurs as the oocyte inside it enlarges

Primordial follicle

occurs after ovulation at days 15 to 28. Following ovulation, the now-ruptured mature follicle transforms into a gland called a corpus luteum

Luteal phase

an endocrine structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone

Corpus luteum

If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

-degenerates

-decreases estrogen and progesterone secretion, resulting in MENSES

refers to changes that occur primarily in the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle caused by the secretions of estrogen and progesterone. There are also subtle changes in the vagina and other structures.

Uterine Cycle