ap hug unit 6 #1

aphug

Borchert's transportation model

describes urban growth based on transportation technology.

city

a large, permanent human settlement characterized by significant infrastructure, population density, and economic activities, serving as a central hub for social, political, and economic functions

City-state

consists of an urban center (the city) and its

surrounding territory and agricultural villages, has its own political

system and functioned independently from other states

Central Place Theory

explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The

model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain

the distribution of settlements.

Central Business district

The commercial heart of a city. Often

located near the physical center of a city, or the crossroads where the city was founded, and is the focus of transportation and services.

Clusetered rural settlesments

an agricultural-based community where multiple families live in close proximity, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings, often including services like churches, schools, or shops.

Dispersed Rural settlements

characterized by individual homes and farms spread out over a large area, rather than clustered together, often influenced by factors like agricultural practices and land availability.

Ecumene

permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface

Enclosure movement

the historical process in 18th and 19th century England where common land was privatized and consolidated into individually owned plots, transforming agricultural practices and leading to widespread displacement of rural populations.

Gravity Model

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions

than places that are smaller and farther from each other.

Higher-order services

expensive,

need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized.

Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, and large specialized research hospitals.

Lower-order services

less

expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis. Examples include gas stations, local

grocery stores, or small restaurants.

Mark Area/Hinterland

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place. Higher-order services have larger market areas than lower-order services.

Primate City

If the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city,

the largest city is said to have primacy,

Rank-Size Rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region

may develop. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of

the largest city.

Range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to obtain a specific good or service.

Site

describes the characteristics at the immediate

location-for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human

structures.

Situation

refers to the location of a place relative to

its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include

near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad.

Settlement

a place with a permanent human population.

Service

is any activity that fulfills a human want or need and generates income for those who provide it, often located within settlements

Urban Hierarchy

ranking, based on influence or population size.to

be influential, it must have connectivity, or be connected to regional, national,

and global networks.

Urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities

Air and water quality

The scale of unusable to useable water and air in an area of a city. The water quality depends on the source and how it travels to the area in which is it disposed for the use by an individual.

Bid-rent theory

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as compettion there will be for the land, since buisnesses wish to maximize profit.

Counterurbanization

the process of people moving away from urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas

Ecological footprint

the impact of a person or commnity on the enviornment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources

Farmland protection policies

Policies enacted by the governments that protect farmalndand protecnt it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to idenitfy areas of agricultural land use.

Infilling

building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

infrastructure

the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

Linear settlement patterns

linear rural settlesments comprise buildingsclustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

Long lot survey

Distinct regional approach to land surveying found int he Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcles stretching back form rivers, roads, or canals

Low density housing

there is a smaller density of dwellngs per unit area of property. Ex acre You will find less congestion and more privacy

Medium density housing

this could be a subdivision or urban neighborhood

High ddnsity housing

the highest density of residents per unit area of land. ex> condos This is the noisiest and most congested area

Metes and bounds system

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural fatures such a streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survery system

Reurbanization

Moverment of people back into an area that has been previously abandonded. It is usually a government's initiative to coutner the probelm of inner city

satellite City

When an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one.

Suburbanization

movement of upper and middle-class people form urban core areas tothe surrouding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions

Sustainable design initiatives

sustainable design: communitites use smart growth and green building to create neighborhoods that are economiccaly thriving and environmentally responsible

Township and range system

A rectangular land divisionshceme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly arcoss farmlands ofthe U.S interior

Threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and

remain profitable is the

Urban Hearth

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in

which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus where early city-states emerged in several locations around the globe