A.P. U.S. History Notes

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering significant concepts from A.P. U.S. History lectures focusing on events from 1800 to 1860.

What was the outcome of the Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800?

Jefferson won over Adams with 73 electoral votes to 65.

Who was technically tied with Jefferson in the electoral votes?

Aaron Burr.

What marked the peaceful transition of power in the U.S. government?

The Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won.

Who was the last Federalist president?

John Adams.

What was a major flaw of the Federalist party?

They had no appeal to the common man.

What date marks Jefferson's inauguration?

March 4, 1801.

What principle did Jefferson pledge in his inaugural address?

'Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.'

What approach did Jefferson take regarding state dinners?

He did not seat by rank.

What system did Jefferson not initiate despite winning the presidency?

The spoils system.

What significant change did Jefferson enact regarding citizenship?

He returned the required years for citizenship from 14 to five.

What did Jefferson do with the excise tax?

He kicked it away.

What landmark case established judicial review?

Marbury vs. Madison (1803).

Who appointed the 'Midnight Judges'?

John Adams.

What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 accomplish?

It created new judgeships and prolonged Federalist influence.

What was Chief Justice John Marshall's commitment regarding government power?

To strengthen the power of the federal government.

Who did Jefferson attempt to impeach in 1804?

Justice Samuel Chase.

What conflict did Jefferson face with the North African States?

Pirates looted US ships.

What was a notable military decision by Jefferson regarding the Pasha of Tripoli?

He sent the navy to Tripoli after war was declared.

What was the Louisiana Purchase and when was it finalized?

The U.S. acquired Louisiana territory from France for $15 million in April 1803.

What was Jefferson’s dilemma regarding the Louisiana Purchase?

The Constitution did not specify how to purchase new land.

What allowed the Senate to approve the Louisiana Purchase treaty?

The use of the Elastic Clause.

Who did Jefferson send to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory?

William Clark and Meriwether Lewis.

What significant exploration did Zebulon Pike lead?

He trekked to the headwaters of the Mississippi River.

What was the conspiracy involving Aaron Burr?

He attempted to have New England and New York secede from the union.

What was the outcome of Burr's treason trial?

He was acquitted.

What was one of the primary causes of tension leading to the War of 1812?

British impressment of American sailors.

What did Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807 prohibit?

The export of goods.

What impact did the Embargo Act have on New England merchants?

It hurt them more than it helped due to deserted docks.

What did Jefferson admit about the consequences of the embargo?

It was more costly than war.

What did the Non-Intercourse Act allow?

Trade with all nations except France and England.

Who succeeded Jefferson in the presidency?

James Madison.

What was Macon’s Bill No. 2?

It allowed world trade and aimed to restore relations with either France or England.

What was the outcome of Tecumseh's efforts with the Indians?

His confederacy was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

What was the 'Corrupt Bargain' of 1824?

The perceived collusion between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to win the presidency.

What was a major consequence of the War of 1812 for the U.S.?

It fostered a sense of nationalism.

What did the Treaty of Ghent acknowledge?

A draw in the War of 1812.

What impact did the War of 1812 have on American manufacturing?

Manufacturing prospered due to British blockades.

What did the Hartford Convention signify for the Federalist Party?

Its decline and eventual end.

What event contributed to the disunity in the U.S. during the War of 1812?

The differing opinions on the war among regions.

What was the main domestic issue during James Monroe's presidency?

The Missouri Compromise.

What compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state?

The Missouri Compromise of 1820.

What did the Monroe Doctrine express?

Non-colonization and non-intervention from European powers.

What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening on American society?

It led to increased religious fervor and various social reforms.

Who was a major proponent of education reform?

Horace Mann.

What did the American Temperance Society aim to do?

Reduce alcohol consumption and promote temperance.

What was the primary vehicle for expressing abolitionist sentiment?

The Liberator, published by William Lloyd Garrison.

What did Frederick Douglass advocate for?

Political solutions to end slavery.

Who led the women's rights movement during the 19th century?

Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

What were the Shakers known for?

Their communal lifestyle and rejection of marriage.

What was a key theme in Edgar Allan Poe's writing?

Exploration of the morbid and macabre.

What was a significant outcome of the cotton gin invention?

An increase in cotton production, leading to a demand for more slaves.

What economic structure did the South rely heavily upon?

A one-crop economy, primarily focused on cotton.

What fundamental rights were denied to enslaved individuals?

Civil and political rights.

What was the primary motivation behind the establishment of Liberia?

To resettle free Blacks from the U.S.

What was a major consequence of the War of 1812 regarding American nationalism?

A surge in national pride and identity.

How did abolitionism evolve in America after 1830?

It grew significantly, fueled by the Second Great Awakening.

What did the Nullification Crisis demonstrate about state rights?

The tensions between state and federal authority.

What agricultural innovations supported the productivity revolution?

The steel plow and mechanical reaper.

How did workers respond to poor labor conditions in factories?

They sought reduced hours, higher wages, and better working conditions.

What role did women play in the labor force during the Industrial Revolution?

Many worked in factories or took on roles in education and nursing.

What societal attitude prevailed towards women in the workforce in the 19th century?

Their work was often undervalued compared to male counterparts.

What did the arrival of millions of immigrants from Europe lead to in American society?

Increased nativism and resistance to immigration.

How did the transportation revolution impact the economy?

It enhanced the movement of goods and facilitated trade between regions.

What principle of American democracy emerged during Jackson's presidency?

The belief in governing by the people and increasing voter participation.

What characterized the Era of Good Feelings?

A sense of national unity and one-party rule.

What legal case established the principle of judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison.

What societal challenge did the Second Great Awakening address?

Social reforms including abolitionism and temperance.

What split occurred in American politics following the War of 1812?

The emergence of a clear two-party system.

What characterized the treatment of Native Americans during westward expansion?

Policies of forced removal and displacement.

What was one economic consequence of the Panic of 1819?

Bank failures and bankruptcies due to land speculation.

What volume of industry and agriculture produced during the Age of Jackson?

A significant increase in both production and labor force participation.

What overarching theme can be drawn from the notes regarding U.S. history between 1800-1860?

Continual conflicts between democracy, rights, and economic interests.

How were the roles of women altered during the economic changes of early 19th century?

They increasingly sought roles outside the home in response to factory demands.

What rural to urban migration trend characterized the early 19th century?

People moved from isolated agricultural lifestyles to urban factory settings.

What were common responses to the temperance movement in early 19th century America?

Resistance from those who saw it as an infringement on personal freedom.

What sparked debates over the expansion of slavery in the mid-19th century?

The admission of new states and the balance between slave and free states.

What does John Marshall's Supreme Court legacy signify in relation to federal power?

Strengthening federal government authority over states.

What was the lasting political impact of the 'Revolution of 1800' beyond the change in presidency?

It solidified the principle of peaceful transfer of power between opposing parties and marked the decline of the Federalist party's national influence.

How did Chief Justice John Marshall's Supreme Court establish and expand the power of the federal judiciary?

Through landmark cases like Marbury v. Madison, which established judicial review, Marshall's court consistently strengthened the federal government's authority and interpreted the Constitution to favor national power.

What were the geopolitical and constitutional implications of the Louisiana Purchase for the United States?

It doubled the size of the U.S., secured control of the Mississippi River, but also presented a constitutional dilemma for Jefferson, who ultimately used the Elastic Clause to justify the acquisition.

How did the series of non-importation acts and the Embargo Act reflect the challenges of U.S. neutrality in early 19th-century international conflict?

These acts, particularly the Embargo of 1807, aimed to assert U.S. neutrality by cutting off trade, but ultimately harmed the American economy more than European powers, highlighting the difficulties of economic coercion in foreign policy.

In what ways did the War of 1812 foster American nationalism and shape its economic future?

The war led to a surge in national pride, a decline of the Federalist Party (due in part to the Hartford Convention), and stimulated domestic manufacturing as British blockades forced the U.S. to produce its own goods.

How did the Missouri Compromise of 1820 highlight and attempt to manage the growing sectional tensions over slavery during the 'Era of Good Feelings'?

It maintained the balance between free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while also establishing the 36\degree 30' parallel as a dividing line for future slavery expansion, temporarily easing but not resolving sectional conflict.

What was the long-term significance of the Monroe Doctrine for U.S. foreign policy and its role in the Western Hemisphere?

It declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization and intervention, establishing the U.S. as a dominant power in the Americas and laying the groundwork for future U.S. hemispheric policies.

How did the moral and social reforms of the Second Great Awakening attempt to redefine American society and its values?

The Awakening inspired widespread reform movements targeting temperance, education (e.g., Horace Mann), women's rights, and especially abolitionism, aiming to improve individual morality and societal conditions.

What were the diverse motivations and strategies behind the growth of the abolitionist movement in the antebellum United States?

Motivations included moral outrage (fueled by the Second Great Awakening) and religious convictions, while strategies included moral suasion (e.g., William Lloyd Garrison's 'Liberator') and political action (e.g., Frederick Douglass).

How did key technological innovations and economic shifts fundamentally alter American agriculture, industry, and regional interdependence?

Inventions like the cotton gin, steel plow, and mechanical reaper transformed agricultural productivity, while the rise of factories, the transportation revolution (e.g., canals, railroads), and immigration spurred industrial growth and linked different regions economically.

What were the significant social and political consequences of large-scale European immigration to the United States in the mid-19th century?

Rapid population growth and urbanization, increased nativism and anti-immigrant sentiment, and a growing workforce that fueled industrial expansion but also led to labor competition and social tensions.

How did President Andrew Jackson's policies and actions both champion and challenge the democratic ideals of his era?

Jackson championed expanded voter participation for white men and the 'common man' ideal, but challenged democratic principles through his strong executive actions, confrontation with the Supreme Court (e.g., Native American removal), and the 'spoils system.'