Equipment (Physics) Test 1 Flashcards

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

atom

smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided or broken by chemical means

molecules

group of atoms of various elements held together by chemical forces

mass

quantity of matter in a physical object

4 phases of matter

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

weight

the force an object exerts under the influence of gravity

gravitational

weight changes depending on the _________ force being applied to the object

energy

the ability to do work

joules

energy is measured in

potential

all types of energy possess an actual or ______ ability to do work

mechanical

_______ energy is the result of the action of machines or physical movements

potential energy

ability to do work by virtue of position

kinetic energy

energy of motion

chemical energy

energy released by a chemical (like in a battery)

electrical energy

work done when electrons move through a potential difference (voltage)

thermal energy

energy of heat, vibration of molecules (temperature)

electromagnetic energy

result of electric and magnetic disturbances in space

electromagnetic energy

least familiar type of energy, x-rays, radio waves, microwaves, etc

theory of relativity equation

e = mc²

3 ways to write speed of light

3 × 10⁸ m/s, 3 × 10¹⁰ cm/s, 186,000 mi/s

Law of Conservation

matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

radiation

energy emitted and transferred through space

irradiation occurs when

matter intercepts radiation and absorbs it

ionizing radiation is radiation capable of

removing an orbital electron

only forms of electromagnetic radiation with enough energy to ionize

x-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet light

who is credited with discovering x-rays and when?

Roentgen, November 8, 1895

Michael Pupin made the

intensifying screen (1896)

Thomas edison made the

fluoroscope (1898)

Clarence Dally caused the

1st radiation induced death (1904)

Charles Leonard utilized

two glass plates (1904)

William Rollins utilized

beam restriction (1900)

H C Snook used the

interruptor-less transformer (1907)

William Coolidge used the

hot cathode tube (1913)

terrestrial radiation is from

soil

radionuclides are in the

human body

cosmic radiation can be found in the

sun and stars

artificial radiation is used in

medical procedures, consumer products, nuclear weapons, industrial accidents

Gustav bucky created the

grid (1913)

Hollis Potter created the

moving grid (1915)

Sonography was created in

1960s

CT and PET were created in

1970s

MRI and digital radiography were created in

1980s

physics

study of matter and energy

name the 4 base quantities

length, weight, mass, time

length base unit is based on

the speed of light

time is based on

the vibration of cesium atoms

magnitude is

the amount of something

unit is

the standard of measurement

name the 7 main derived units we use

velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work, power, energy

Newton’s 1st law of motion

a body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force

inertia

property of matter that resists change in motion or at rest

Newton’s 2nd law of motion

force that acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced (F = ma)

Newton’s 3rd law of motion

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

weight is represented by

Wt

momentum is represented by

p

work is done when

a force acts upon a body over a distance (work = force x distance)

unit of work is

joule (J)

power is

the rate of doing work over time (P = work/time, unit of power = watt)

why do radiologic technologists need to consider heat?

it damages x-ray tubes

freezing and boiling point in farenheight

32 deg F and 212 deg F

freezing and boiling point

0 deg C and 100 deg C

temperature conversion formulas

c = 5/9 (F-32), F = 9/5C + 32

conduction

transfer of heat by touching

convection

transfer of “hot” molecules through air or liquid

thermal radiation

transfer of heat by infrared radiation

greek atom

air, fire, water, earth

dalton atom (1808)

hook and eye

thomson atom (1890)

plum pudding, electrons sit in a cloud

rutherford introduced the ______ ______ in 1911

nuclear atom

bohr atom (1913)

nucleus with protons and neutrons in middle, electrons float around them in cloud

octet rule

outermost shell (except K) cannot hold more than 8 electrons

electrons control

what and how the atom combines with other atoms

binding energy of electrons is greater when closest to the

nucleus (measured in eV)

centripetal

force that holds electrons in orbit

formula for max number of electrons in each shell

2(N)²

“Z” number is

atomic number (determines atom identity)

“A” number

atomic mass number, total number of protons and neutrons, (this is rounded to a whole number)

relative weight of an atom compared to 1/12 Carbon 12 atom

atomic weight (in amu, NOT rounded to whole number)

periodic table arranges the atoms by _____ ______

atomic number

periodic table was created by

mendeleev

characteristics of periods on periodic table

7 horizontal rows, number of electron shells

characteristics of groups on periodic table

8 vertical columns, number of valence electrons

atoms in group 8 are _____ ______

noble gases (also includes helium)

last shell of a noble gas has __ electrons

8 (full, so these elements don’t want to join with anything else)

valence is defined as

the need for an atom to add or give up electrons

a positive valence indicates that the atom wants to

give away electrons

a negative valence indicates the atom wants to

take electrons

isotope

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

covalent bond is

when atoms share electrons

ionic bond is when

atom gives electron to other atom

ionization is

the loss or gain of electrons by an atom

radioactivity process

atom gains or loses electron (ionization) → atom becomes charged and unstable → to become stable, atom releases energy in form of particles (radioactive decay)

2 natural radio-isotopes

uranium and carbon 14

how are artificial radioactive isotopes created?

particle accelerators or nuclear reactors bombard the ordinary elements with high speed particles causing them to break apart and become radioactive

radioactive isotopes give off

alpha, beta, or gamma radiation

radioactive decay is measured in

half life

characteristics of a photon

smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic energy

a quantum of electromagnetic energy

travels at speed of light

electric & magnetic fields continuously change (sinusoidal)

sine waves are

waves that exist in nature and are associated with many familiar objects

frequency

number of wavelengths that pass a point of observation per second / rate of rise and fall (Hz)

wavelength

distance from any point on the sine wave to the next corresponding point