Intro to psychology chapter 10-14

Acculturation stress is a source of stress faced by immigrants struggling to meet the demands of adjusting to a new culture

A type of stressor

Which stages of bodily response to stress does the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) include?

The general adaptation syndrome includes the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stage

When you receive a vaccination, what is injected into your body to produce antibodies?

Weakened or partial form of an infectious agent

Shin believes that success is largely due to luck. He believes he received an “A” on the exam because he was lucky, as the professor just happened to ask questions on the material he studied. Shin’s beliefs are an example of which term?

External locus of control

What psychological factors are likely to have damaging effects on the cardiovascular system?

Anger and anxiety

What is the deadliest form of skin cancer?

Melanoma

How is stress related to cancer?

Many cancer patients benefit psychologically from counseling as they cope with the stress of having cancer

What is a recommended guideline to lower the risk of contracting an STD

Avoid unprotected sex and needle sharing

If you're not feeling well, should you search for your symptoms on the internet?

No, you'll be convinced you have every possible disorder that includes your symptoms

Describe how cyberchondriacs are different than online diagnoses?

Cyberchonariacs can't seem to stop searching for medical information

What motivates cybersearching for health information.

Searching the internet for medical information is helpful because it allows people to feel a sense of control

Imagine that you're not feeling well - under what circumstances would be an internet search cause the most distress?

If you are highly anxious about health in general and haven't yet seen a doctor

Your friend, who hasn't taken this course, says, "if you're not feeling well, go to a real doctor, not the Internet. Online diagnosis is a health-defeating behavior. What is an accurate response?

You're wrong, in most situations searching for medical information has significant health benefits

Chris was driving back to campus after studying with a friend at the local coffee shop. Suddenly, a deer jumped in front of her care she hit her brakes and swerved to avoid hitting it. once she realized everything was fine, Chris noticed now fast her heart was beating and how tense she was gripping the steering wheel. Which pure of Chris's body was responsible for these changes?

The autonomic nervous system

Lexi woke up in the middle of the night and realized her house was on fire. Her body responded with a cascade of physiological reactions, including racing of the heart and tensing of her muscles. Which state of the general adaptation syndrome is Lexi experiencing?

Alarm

What system moderates the impact of family stress brought on by harsh parenting on children's inflammation?

The autonomic nervous system (ans)

Erin enjoys taking spin classes from her own home.Since her workout stats can be seen by anyone else taking the same class, she puts in more effort than we she just spins on her own. Which term best describes Erin's behavior?

Social Facilitation

What exercise option is likely to result in the greatest enhancement in a person's subjective well-being?

Regular attendance at dance aerobics class

Why are first impressions difficult to change?

We filter information through existing social schemas, which help them become lasting impressions.

Carlos claims to hate alcohol, but has a drink every night at the end of his work shift. Which of the following would be most likely to explain how Carlos reduces the cognitive dissonance he likely experiences?

Carlos may simply refuse to acknowledge the inconsistency between his attitude towards alcohol and his behavior of daily drinking.

According to the elaboration likelihood model, when does attitude change occur through a central processing route?

When evaluation likelihood is high, we use a central processing route.

According to psychologists, attraction is influenced by which factors?

Similarity, physical attractiveness, proximity, and reciprocity

According to Robert Sternberg's model of love, what are the basic components of love?

Intimacy, Passion, and decision/commitment

How can helping behavior be motivated by selfish needs?

Helping may be motivated by altruistic and self-centered motives

The cognitive bases of prejudice reflect tendencies to separate people into which categories?

In-groups and out-Groups

How is social identity shaped by culture?

Social identity is generally a more prominent part of one's psychological identity in collectivist cultures than it is in individualistic societies

What were the controversial findings of Milgram's shock study?

A majority of participants were willing to obey the orders and shock others

Which term refers to the tendency for members of a group to become so concerned with reaching a consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate the problem before them?

Groupthink

A gender stereotype is best described as

a set of beliefs about being male and being female in a particular culture

Gender stereotypes in the United States..

Strongly reflect the idea that women are more nurturing and emotional than men.

Rupert raised in a family with very high moral standards. His parents expected his behavior to be beyond reproach, and he has the same expectation for himself as an adult. What part of Rupert's personality is the repository for those high standards?

Super

Tino does not like his boss John. In fact, Tino has never liked any of his male bosses or anyone else who tries to tell him what todo. Freud would say Tino is fixated at the

Phallic stage

Roxy’s family was fractured when she was a toddler. Her parents had a substance use disorder and alternated between jail and treatment facilities, interspersed with periods of homelessness. Roxy eventually entered the foster care system and, because she was regarded as a difficult child, was bounced from home to home. Based on her early life experiences, Horney might suggest that Roxy was struggling with

basic hostility

If you asked people, nearly everyone who knows Eladia would say that she is conscientious in most everything she does. To Allport, conscientiousness would correspond to a

Cardinal trait

A person who is easily upset would likely score high on which of Eysenck's traits?

Neuroticism

People who know Sydney report that he is quite unconventional. In terms of the Big Five model, Sydney would likely score high on

openness to new experiences

What is suggested by current research on the influence of genetic and environmental factors on personality?

There is a complex interaction and each of these factors can influence the other

Cynthia believes she has bad luck. No matter how hard she tries to get ahead, she keeps getting knocked back down. She was almost caught up on her utility bills when she had to pay for a major car repair. Cynthia comments to a friend “Nothing I do makes any difference.” Rotter would say Cynthia is expressing

an external locus of control.

Zackary believes that when he makes a plan, he will follow through on it. Bandura would say that Zackary is expressing his

efficacy expectations

Caprice is thinking about what to do over the weekend. She can devote some extra time to an assignment and improve her grade, but that means missing time with her family. Psychologist Walter Mischel would say that when Caprice is trying to weigh the improved grade against time with her family, she is considering

subjective values.

What is most closely associated with the idea that people are inherently deserving of respect and kindness?

Unconditional positive regard

Salvatore is taking a personality test that consists of a number of statements like “I feel like there is no hope for the future” and “I enjoy meeting new people.” For each statement, he is asked to indicate whether it is like him or nor like him. Salvatore is taking a

self-report test

Soraya has been shown a picture and asked to tell a story about it. She immediately noticed that one of the people in the picture was obviously angry and the other was clearly frightened. Given what you know about projective personality tests, is this a problem?

Yes, because Soraya immediately noticed very specific emotions being portrayed.

Alicia, a cisgender girl in high school, is interested in a career in medicine. She takes the MBTI, which shows that her personality type is ESFJ. Her counselor says, “You should be a nurse. That’s the best job for ESFJs because they are warm, helpful, and sympathetic. Your personality characteristics will make you most successful as a nurse.” Alicia, however, really wants to be a doctor. She does some Internet searching and learns that people with ENTJ personalities are more likely to be doctors. Given this information, the best conclusion for Alicia to draw is that

the test shouldn’t be used to determine what career path a person “should” take.

Your friend, who hasn’t taken this course, says, “Personality tests are useless, because people’s behavior isn’t stable. It changes depending on the environment.” Which of the following statements is the best and most accurate response?

You’re wrong. People generally have a stable core personality, and a valid test will reflect it.

Claire was described as believing that the devil was trying to rob her mind. Which criterion for abnormal behavior best fits this comment?

Faulty perceptions or interpretations

Phil has a fear of enclosed spaces that is so severe that he gets terribly upset and sometimes struggles to do his job as a police photographer. Which two criteria for abnormal behavior is Phil displaying?

Emotional distress and Maladaptive

Which model provides a framework for understanding abnormal behavior patterns as symptoms of underlying brain disorders or diseases?

Medical

The Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classifies mental disorders based on

their symptoms

What are some effective ways to treat or prevent mental health disorders?

Antidepressant medications, college counseling services, and exercise

What type of therapy describes a type of treatment that consists of one or more verbal interactions between a therapist and a client and is used to help people understand and resolve their psychological problems?

Psychotherapy

In which type of therapy do therapists often take a direct and even confrontational approach in helping clients get in touch with their underlying feelings?

Gestalt therapy

Which type of therapy treats two people at a time and often deals with power struggles and lack of communication?

Couple therapy

What is an example of a nonspecific factor that may account for the benefits of psychotherapy

Attention from the therapist

What is the definition of cultural competence, as it relates to counseling?

Therapists need to be knowledgeable about, and sensitive to, cultural factors that may impact their effectiveness as treatment providers.

What are the main groupings of psychotropic drugs?

The three main groupings of psychotropic drugs are anti-anxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Why are SSRIs generally preferred to treat depression?

They typically produce less severe side effects and are less dangerous in overdose situations

Counseling is...

Short term gear to one goal

Therapy is...

long term for more than one goal

Psychotherapy

Verbal form of therapy derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more treatment sessions with a therapist

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s method of psychotherapy; it focuses on uncovering and working through the unconscious conflicts that he believed were at the root of psychological problems.

Free association

Anything that comes to your head you talk about it

Countertransference

The tendency for therapists to relate to clients in ways that mirror the relationships they’ve has with important figures in their own lives, damages the therapeutic relationship.

Client-centered therapists

going into therapy to improve themselves

Gestalt therapy

Putting someone in someone else’s shoes

roleplay

you have to feel that your therapist is being genuine

Systematic desensitization

high threshold to low threshold

pairs exposure in imagination to feat-inducing stimuli and states of deep relaxation.

Virtual reality therapy

Vets who have flashbacks and nightmares

Uses VR to simulate real- world environments

Aversive conditioning

Shock collar → They bark at you, shock they stop

form of classical conditioning

Rational emotive therapy (REBT)

Irrational beliefs cause people to suffer emotional distress in the face of disappointing life experiences.

Helpung the patient feeling a new way of adaptive thinking

Cognitive therapists

Give clients HW assignments in which they record their distorted thoughts that accompany their negative emotional responses and practice substituting rational alternative thoughts.

Eclectic therapy

Draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy

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Phobia but also suffer depression and withdraws

Malingering

Faking bad→ want attention, fake symptoms

Faking good → Grandma leaving the oven on

Psychotropic drugs

Affect the working of neurotransmitter systems to help regulate moos and thinking processes

Keep the voices at bay

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* not effective for no emotions or the lack of not wanting to be around people

Antipsychotics

are used in the treatment of psychotic disorders and help alleviate hallucinations and delusional thinking

(Only thing it helps with)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

involves the administration of an electrical current through a patient’s head.

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Thought it was helping people but it hurts them

Stilled used today for can conversion→ no results

Only time ECT works

Dramatic relief from severe depression

(Depression is resistant to other therapies)

prefrontal lobotomy

Developed in the 1930s, severs nerve pathways between the frontal lobe and lower brain center in order to control violent or aggressive behavior.

They work but the person is not the same

Delusion

Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

you think the government is out to get you

Hallucination

sensory, seeing things that are not there

Abnormal Behavior

If a family member dies and you’re still depressed after 2 years

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Hallucinations and delusion

Medical model

The belief that abnormal behavior patterns are mental illnesses or brain diseases that have a biological basis.

HIV and Syphilis= They eventually effect the brain

Cognitive theorists

irrational or distorted thinking leads to emotional problems and maladaptive behavior

Biopsychosocial model

contribution and interactions of biological and psychosocial influences

Everything happens ay home or with friends cause trauma

Panic disorder

experience repeated episodes of sheer terror called panic attacks. (reoccurs)

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Intense physical symptoms such as nausea, profuse sweating, and chest pains

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Experience persistent obsessions (nagging, intrusive thoughts_ and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or rituals.)

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Constantly washing their hands because they are scared of contamination

Amygdala

Regulates fear

Maybe be overreactive in those with anxiety-related disorders

dissociative identity disorder

called multiple personality disorder, is a type of dissociative disorder characterized by the appearance of multiple personalities in the same individual.

Personality= alters

Dissociative amnesia

Experience a loss of memory for personal information that cannot be explained by a physical cause

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The first personality cannot relate to know anything about the other personality

Somatic symptom and related disorders

applies to abnormal behavior patterns associated with physical (somatic) symptoms or complaints that cannot be explained medically.

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Constant headache and upset stomach and cannot be linked to a medical issue

Secondary gain

Release from ordinary responsibilities

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Kid complaining about head aches to get out of school

Manic (mania)

Bipolar, extreme feeling of sadness or ecstatic, feel like you are invincible, people don’t seek out help because there is happiness.

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After mania finishes then depression hits because you missed out on a-lot of things and doing things

Depression in Women

women are twice as likely as men to develop major depression. While women carry a greater stress burden in society, men and women cope with emotional stress differently

Bipolar disorder

Characterized by mood swings from extreme elation (mania) to severe depression

has a strong genetic component

Learned helplessness model

Learned to live a life where they cannot help themselves and it makes a circle of negativity= depression

Schizophrenia

Is a severe and chronic psychological disorder and characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behaviors

though disorder

a break down in the logical structure of thinking and speech characterized by loose associations between expressed ideas

Positive symptoms (adding something, that shouldn’t be there)

Involve behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions

Negative symptoms (something taken away that should be there)

involve behavioral deficits, such as withdrawal and apathy (not feeling an emotions)

Causes if Schitz

Many teens that smoke canabis can wake up a Scitz gene

Antisocial personality disorder (APD or ASPD)

Characterized by callous attitudes toward other and by antisocial and irresponsible behavior