Medical Assistant Final

How are bones classified?

according to six shapes

Name the classifications of bones (6)

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and sutural (wormian)

Bones serve as a storage place for ? (3)

mineral salts, calcium, and phosphorus

What is hemopoiesis?

formation of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow

What are the structures of a long bone? (6)

epiphysis: ends of developing bone

diaphysis: shaft of long bone

periosteum: membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their articular shape
compact bone: dense, hard layer of bone

medullary canal: narrow space/cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis and contains yellow marrow

cancellous/spongy bone: reticular tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone and contains red bone marrow

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? (4)

upper/lower extremities, clavicles, scapula, and pelvic girdle

What does the axial skeleton consist of? (6)

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

What are the differences between male/female pelvis?

What are joints?

aka articulation (located at the place where two bones connect)

What is a Prosthetist?

specializes in designing, preparing, and fitting prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs

What is an Orthotist?

designs and fits supportive devices such as braces and splints

What is the difference between a PT and an OT?

PT requires a master’s degree in all states

OT requires a bachelor’s or a master’s degree + an internship

What is gait?

The way a person walks; looks for clues to specific problems

What is the regular exercise regimen for a normal adult?

at least 3x a week for 20-30 minutes periods

What is aerobics?

strengthens the cardiopulmonary system

What is Muscular Dystrophy?

wasting and weakening disease of the muscles

What is the difference between Paraplegia and Quadriplegia?

Paraplegia: paralysis of the lower portion of the body

Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four extremities of the body

Name the different types of ROM exercises (3):

Active ROM: able to move all limbs unassisted

Passive ROM: must have someone else move limbs because patient unable to do it themselves

Active Assist ROM: participated to a limited extent and requires assistance

What is erythema?

Redness of the skin caused when capillaries become congested with blood

What is the difference between exudate and suppuration?

Exudate: Accumulation of fluid, pus or serum in tissue that may become hard and crusty
Suppuration: A process to relieve the internal buildup of pus formation

What is supination and pronation?

Supination: turning of the palm or hand anteriorly, turning the foot inward and upward, lying in a supine position (face upwards)

Pronation: turning downward or backward with the hand or foot or to lie in a prone position (facing downward)

What is the recommendation for hot soaks?

Putting the effective part of the body into a container of water without medication for 15 minutes, the water temp should be no more than 100ºF

What is cryotherapy?

Using cold for therapeutic purposes

What is Two-Point gait?

Faster moving gait for patient who can bear weight on both feet and maintain good balance. Crutch and opposite foot are moved forward at same time

What is Three-Point gait?

Used when one leg is stronger than the other or when no weight bearing on one leg. Patient must have good muscle coordination and arm strength. Patient must support full weight on one leg. Both crutches and affected leg move forward then the unaffected leg forward while weight balanced on both crutches.

Strabismus is also known as:

a refractive disorder also known as crossed eyes or wall eyes where the eyes are misaligned and do not focus on the same image

What are the rods of the eye responsible for?

Rods react to dim light and are used in night vision

What are the ear’s three distinct sections?

External, Middle, and Inner

What is the cochlea and what does it look like?

The organ of hearing; a bony spiral structure that resembles a snails shell

What is a hordeolum?

a stye

What is an Optometrist?

A doctor of Optometry, not a medical doctor, who can perform eye exams, prescribe meds, and write prescriptions for eyeglasses and contact lenses

What is an ophthalmoscope?

an instrument used to view inner parts of the eye

The lens of the eye loses what with age?

elasticity; and cannot change from viewing distant objects to close as readily as before

What is the Ishihara test?

A printed card or booklet with a single color-dot illustration containing a number or curved lines and shapes; used to test for color deficiency

What is the purpose and function of the female reproductive system?

To continue the species through sexual reproduction

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogen and Progesterone

What is the function and shape of the uterus?

Shedding the endometrium during monthly menstrual cycle, providing protection and nourishment to growing fetus during pregnancy, contracting in rhythmic pattern during labor to deliver fetus.

Pear shaped!

What are the fallopian tubes?

Tubes that extend along each side of the uterus and curve inward toward each ovary to serve as pathways for reproductive cells (sperm/egg)

What are the fallopian tubes’ function?

To serve as pathways for reproductive cells (sperm/eggs)

What are the structures of the Vulva?

Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Vestibule (urethra, vagina, Bartholins glands), Clitoris

What is a hysterectomy?

Removal of the uterus

What is the onset of menstruation called?

Menarche

What is the cessation of menstruation called?

Menopause

What is the vital function of the male reproductive system?

To provide sperm cells necessary to fertilize the ovum and perpetuate (continue) the species

What organs comprise the male reproductive system? (8)

Penis, Testes, Scrotum, Urethra, Ductus Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Epididymis

What are the structures and functions of the penis? (3)

Three longitudinal columns of erectile tissue that enlarge with blood during sexual stimulation and aid in passing of ejaculate during ejaculation and urine when voiding

Prepuse (foreskin)

Glans Penis

It is the organ of copulation (intercourse)

What physiological process happens during an erection?

Blood from dilated arteries fills the longitudinal columns of erectile tissue causing the tissue to expand or enlarge the penis

What gland triggers puberty by releasing hormones?

Pituitary gland

What is impotence?

Inability to copulate caused by inability to maintain an erection or to achieve orgasm

What is the difference between a male pelvis compared to a female pelvis?

Male pelvis are shaped like a funnel forming a narrower outlet than female. It’s stronger and heavier than female pelvis so it’s well suited for lifting and running.

What is gynecology?

The branch of medicine that deals with health and diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

What steps do we perform when doing a breast self-exam? (4)

Raise arm to expose axilla

Flatten fingertips and palpate in circular motion from nipple to axilla

Gently squeeze nipple and look for discharge

Stand in mirror with arms at sides and inspect for breast irregularity or shape

What does Gardasil prevent?

Prevents infection from the four types of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18) and five more (31, 33, 45, 52, 58) that are responsible for 20% of cervical cancer

What instructions should we give prior to pap exams? (2)

Do not douche 24-48 hours prior

Avoid sexual intercourse for at least 48 hours prior to examination

What is quickening?

Fetal movement that may be felt by the mother

What is gravida, para, and abortion?

Gravida: Total number of pregnancies

Para: Births after 20 weeks of gestation

Abortions: Number of fetuses that did not reach the age visibility; usually under 20 weeks of pregnancy

What is oxytocin?

Hormone that triggers labor through uterine contractions

What is coitus interrupts?

Withdrawal of penis during intercourse and sterilization

What type of learning process is adult learning?

Adult learning is an active process and adults prefer to actively participate

What are examples of patient-based teaching methods? (3)

Giving demonstrations

Showing videos to a group of patients

Providing instructional brochures

Patients are more likely to be compliant with the treatment plan if the coach helps them understand what? (2)

Why the treatment plan is necessary for health and wellness

How to take medications properly, what the follow-up plan is

What is an example of noncompliance with patients’ treatment?

Failure to take medication as ordered

Which website provides information about high blood pressure, controlling cholesterol levels, and diet and nutrition?

American Heart Association

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

Delivering oxygen to the cells of the body

What structures are part of the respiratory system? (6)

Mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs

What do we breathe in?

Oxygen

What do we breathe out?

Carbon Dioxide

The nose is the organ of what?

Olfactory (smell)

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Air cavities in the cranial bones near the nose

What three structures form the pharynx?

Nasopharynx: Connects with the nose

Oropharynx: Connects with the mouse

Laryngopharynx: Located behind the larynx

What is another name for the larynx?

Voice box

Thyroid cartilage in a male is called what?

Adam’s apple

What are the bronchi?

The two main branches from the trachea that extend into the lungs

At birth what color are the lungs?

Pink

What is surfactant?

A fatty substance produced by the alveoli which reduces surface tension of the fluid in the wet surfaces of the air-filled sacs that keep them open

What is the diaphragm?

The dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

What is hemoptysis?

Coughing up blood

What is a Pulmonologist?

A physician who has advanced training in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of lung diseases and disorders

What is cyanosis?

Blue color of the skin or mucus membranes from lack of oxygen

What are rales, stridor and rhonchus?

Rales: Crackles heard when listening to the chest

Stridor: Harsh, high-pitched sounds, usually during inspiration

Rhonchus: Wheezing or squeaking sounds heard when listening to the chest

What does a spirometry test measure?

Measures the ability of the lungs to effectively exhale and how quickly. Results assess the elasticity of lungs and their ability to ventilate as well as measure the strength of respiratory muscles

What are the two most common pulmonary function tests?

Spirometry and peak flow meters

What is another name for the digestive system?

Alimentary canal or digestive canal

How long is the digestive tract in adults?

29’

What is the structure of the stomach?

Large, muscular, saclike organ that can hold 1-1.5 liters of food and fluid

Name the three structures of the small intestines and their length:

Duodenum 12”, Jejunum 8’, Ileum 12’

What are the accessory organs of digestion? (4)

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Who establishes the rules for exam room safety?

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

What is the difference between a subjective and objective chief complaint?

Subjective: symptoms that cannot be seen

Objective: symptoms that can be seen

What is acute, chronic, radiating and referred pain

Acute: begins suddenly and usually lasts 3-6 months

Chronic: long-term and may interfere with functions of daily living and lasts longer than 6 months

Radiating: spreads out from a particular area or source

Referred: felt at a site away from the injured or diseased body part

What is an opthalmoscope?

Instrument used to examine the interior of the eye, especially the retina

What is an otoscope?

Instrument used to examine the ears

What is a fixative spray used for?

Used to prepare slides

What is the difference between mensuration and manipulation?

Mensuration: Use of special tools to measure the body or specific parts; scale, tape measure, calipers

Manipulation: The process of passively assessing the range of motion of a joint

What is the difference between Fowlers and Semi-Fowlers positions?

Fowler’s: Patient sits on exam table with head of table raised to 90 degrees

Semi Fowler’s: Patient sits on exam table with head of table raised to 45 degrees

What is turgor and what can it represent?

Resistance of skin when grasped between two fingers and is decreased when dehydrated and increased in edema (swelling)

What is leukoplakia and where is it found?

White patches in the mouth that can be cancerous

What three things does the nervous system do to respond appropriately to external/internal information?

Gather, store and decipher both external and internal information to decide how to respond and react in an appropriate manner

What is a nerve fiber?

A single elongated process, usually an axon from a motor neuron or a peripheral process from a sensory neuron

What is a nerve?

A bundled unit of nerve fibers found outside the CNS that conduct impulses on afferent or efferent tracts