Who found that the majority of babies attach to the mother first, then form secondary attachments to the other family members?
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
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Who found that the quality of the children’s attachment with mothers was related to he child’s attachment in adolescence?
Grossman (2002)
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Who found that fathers can take on the role of primary caregiver as they adopt behaviours of typical mothers?
Field (1978)
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What did Field do in 1978?
Filmed 4-month old babies in face to face interactions with primary caregivers and secondary caregivers.
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Inconsistent findings on fathers - attachment figures
In primary caregiver research, fathers’ can take on the maternal role, but in secondary caregiver research, fathers’ have a distinct role.
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If fathers have a distinct role why aren’t children without fathers different? - attachment figures
Studies have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent households do not develop any differently from those in two-parent heterosexual families.
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Why don’t fathers generally become primary attachments? - attachment figures
Biological predisposition, traditional gender roles
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Socially sensitive research
Research into attachment is sensitive
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Schaffer and Emerson
* Longitudinal study of 60 babies from working-class families in Glasgow.
* Visited them every month for 1st year of their life.
* Asked about separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
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What is the 1st stage of attachment called?
Asocial
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What is the 2nd stage of attachment called?
Indiscriminate
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What is the 3rd stage of attachment called?
Specific
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What is the 4th stage of attachment called?
Multiple
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External validity - Schaffer + Emerson
Observations were made by parents, not researchers, so babies behaved naturally
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Longitudinal - Schaffer + Emerson
The children were followed up regularly so good internal validity as there were no confounding variables involving individual differences,.
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Problems with how multiple attachments are assessed - Schaffer + Emerson
Bowlby proposed children are distressed when playmates leave, but not attached to them, multiple attachment stage fails to distinguish between them.
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Problems with asocial stage - Schaffer + Emerson
babies are immobile and have poor coordination so appear asocial, but may be very social
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Lorenz’s geese
* 12 eggs * half with mother, half in incubator * half attached to mother, half to Lorenz * Critical period - first few hours of life
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What did Lorenz define as the “Critical period“?
The first few hours of life
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What did Lorenz find about mate preferences?
An adult will display courtship behaviours towards the first thing it imprinted on.