sheep and goat diseases

signs of a sick animal

• not eat as quickly

• may not clean up feed

• diarrhea (may have intestinal parasites)

• head hanging down

• lethargic

• dull appearing eyes

• walk abnormally

1. IM

2. IV

3. sub q

4. IN

5. oral

ways to administer drugs are… (5; abbreviations)

goat temp

102-104 degrees F

sheep temp

102 degrees F

goat ruminations

1-2/minute (rumination)

sheep rumination

2/minute (rumination)

goat pulse

70-90 bpm

sheep pulse

70-80 bpm

goat respiration

15-30 breaths/minute

sheep respiration

12-20 breaths/minute

goat puberty

4-12 months

sheep puberty

5-12 months

goat estrus

12-24 hours

sheep estrus

36 hours

goat estrous

18-23 days

sheep estrous

16-17 days

goat gestration

150 days

sheep gestation

147 days

pregnancy toxemia

• twin lamb disease, ketosis

• most common metabolic disease in sheep

  • most affected sheep are carrying multiple fetuses

• cause: disturbance of CHO metabolism resuting in hyperglycemia and ketosis

  • ketosis is when fat provides most of the fuel for the body, and there’s limited access to glucose

• inadequate nutrition and stress in late gestation in an underlying cause

  • insufficient energy density of the ration and decreased rumen capacity as a result of fetal growth

• occurs during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy and is more common in over/under-conditioned does and in does pregnant with multiple kids

2.8 Mcal/day

for a 70kg ewe pregnant with one lamb requires __________ in early gestation

3.22 Mcals/day

for a 70kg ewe pregnant with twins requires __________ in early gestation

3.49 Mcals/day

for a 70kg ewe pregnant with triplets requires __________ in early gestation

glucogenesis

the process of converting non-carbohydrate substrates into glucose, essential in maintaining blood sugar levels.

30-40 g

each fetus requires __________ of glucose per day in late gestation

signs of pregnancy toxemia

• decreased aggressiveness at feeding, particularly with grain consumption

• listlessness, aimless walking, muscle twitching or fine muscle tremors, opisthotonos, and grinding of the teeth

• over 2-4 days progesses to blindness ataxia (muscle weakness), to sternal recumberency, coma, and death

• blood glucose levels may return to normal or even become terminally high, possibly indicating death of the fetus. septicemia develps in the ewe or doe after fetal death

septicemia

a systemic infection caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the blood, often leading to severe illness or death if untreated.

pregnancy toxemia control

• proper nutrition

• avoid overconditioning ewes

• avoid stressors

pregnancy toxemia treatment

• 4-8 oz propylene glycol daily

  • early stages nly; treatment for 3 days

• cesarean or inducing with PGF2a or cloprostenol

• clucocorticoids to increase blood sugars

enterotoxemia

• overeating, pulpy kidney

• c. perfringens, type D

• causing factors:

  • change in feed

  • high energy diets

  • irregular feeding

  • rapid increase in concentration

  • heavy parasitism

  • insufficient feeder space

  • combined feeding of size and ages of sheep

enterotoxemia symptoms

• sudden death

• nervous disorders

• head drawn back

• convulsions

• grinding teeth

• diarrhea