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Prehistoric Era
The period of time before recorded history or the beginning of human creation.
Fossils
Hardened remains of plants, animals, and humans.
Artifacts
Tools used by humans.
Biological Evolution
The process of change in living organisms over time.
Out of Africa Theory
The theory that all modern humans originated from Africa.
Civilization
A social organization with a complex and high standard of living.
River valleys
The fertile land in river valleys that allowed the first civilizations to develop.
Mesopotamia
The first civilization in the world, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Ziggurat
The temple and largest building of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia.
Cuneiform
The ancient Sumerian writing system.
Hammurabi's Code
One of the earliest written laws in history.
Indus Civilization
The civilization that developed along the Indus and Ganges rivers.
Mohenjo Daro and Harappa
The two most important cities in the Indus Civilization.
Dravidian
The indigenous people who lived in India.
Aryans
A warrior group that originated in central Asia and brought their language to India.
Vedas
Four religious books of the ancient Aryans.
Caste System
The system of social grouping in India.
Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, Mogul Empire
Indian empires that existed throughout history.
Dynasty
A succession of rulers from the same family.
Mandate of Heaven
The belief that rulers are appointed by heaven to rule.
Xia
A prehistoric culture in China.
Shang
The first civilization in China that used bronze and practiced ancestral worship.
Zhou
The dynasty that believed in the Mandate of Heaven and invented various weapons and tools.
Qin
The dynasty that unified China and built the Great Wall.
Han
The dynasty that embraced Confucianism and made significant contributions to Chinese history.
Sui
The dynasty that repaired the Great Wall and built the Grand Canal.
Tang
The dynasty known for its cultural and technological advancements.
Song
The dynasty that established an imperial army and developed agricultural technology.
Yuan
The dynasty founded by Kublai Khan and marked by Mongol rule.
Ming
The dynasty that built the Forbidden City and explored the Indian Ocean and Africa.
Qing
The dynasty established by the Manchu and faced conflicts with foreign powers.
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