Anatomy and Physiology 1

Suture bones 

Small, irregular bones found between the cranial sutures.

Irregular bones

Bones that have complex shapes that do not fit into the other categories of bone (long, short, flat) and primarily include vertebrae and some skull bones.

Short bones

Bones that are roughly cube-shaped, providing support and stability with little movement, primarily found in the wrists and ankles.

Flat bones

Thin, parallel surfaces, provide protection for underlying soft tissue; roof of skull, sternum, ribs and scapula

Long bones

Arms, forearms, thigh/ legs, palms and soles fingers and toes, femur is the longest and heaviest

Sesamoid bones

Small, round and flat, found near joints of knees, hands and feet

Hinge joint

Angular motion, elbow, knee, ankle and interphalangeal joints

Condylar joints 

Radiocarpals, metacarpophalanges 2-5, metatarsophalangeal

Saddle joints

1st metacarpal of thumb cmc - trapezium

Pivot

Altas and axial, radial and ulnar; rotation only

Ball and socket

Humerus and scapula, femur and pelvis (hip joints)

intervertebral disc 

Anulus fibrosis - attaches disk to vertebrae 

Nucleus pulposes - absorbs shock

Cartilages

Cushion the joint, fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus

Fat pad

Superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages

Ligaments

Support strengthen joints, a sprain is a ligament with torn collagen fibers

synarthrosis

Immovable joints, very strong 

Suture

Synathrosis joint, that interlock bones, found in skull bone

Gomphosis

Synarthrosis joint, Periodontal ligament, binds teeth socket

Synchondrosis

Synarthrosis joint, cartilaginous bridge between two bones, between vertebrosternal rib and sternum

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joint, stronger than freely movable, more movable

Syndesmosis

Amphiarthroses joint, bones connected by ligaments - tibia/ fibula

Symphysis

Amphiarthroses joint, bones separated by fibrocartilage, hip bones

Diarthroses (synovial joints)

Movable joints, at ends of long bones

vitamin C

It required for collagen synthesis, and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation

Vitamin A

Stimulates osteoblast activity

Vitamin K, b12

Helps synthesis bone protein

The most abundant mineral in the body, 99%

Calcium and phosphate

Least abundant in the body

Potassium

Mesenchymal stem cells that desire to produce osteoblast located in the endosteum, assist with fracture repair, produce osteoblast

Osteoprogenitor cell

Mature bone cell that maintains protein and mineral content of matrix 

Osteocyte

Immature bone cell, bone making in process called osteogenesis

Osteoblast

Produced by osteoblast, but not yet classified 

Osteoid

Secrete proteolytic enzymes that dissolve bone

Osteoclast

Osteon

Basic unit of bone