Exam #4 Review (Ch. 12-15)

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms from Chapters 12-15 in preparation for Exam #4.

G1 phase

A non-dividing state when a cell has not passed the restriction point.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and chromosomes move apart.

Prophase

Mitotic spindle begins to form.

Telophase

Cell plate forms or cleavage furrow pinches cells apart.

S phase

Chromosomes replicate.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane.

Telophase

Nuclear membranes form around separated chromosomes.

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible.

Metaphase

Kinetochore-microtubule interactions move chromosomes to midline.

G1 phase

Restriction point occurs in this phase.

G2 phase

Amount of DNA in a cell is doubled.

Interphase

Longest stage of the cell cycle; composed of three substages.

Metaphase

Microtubules interact with kinetochore proteins at the centromere region.

Anaphase

Nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen, which starts to elongate cell.

Mitosis

Process where somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide.

Karyotype

A pictorial display of an individual’s chromosomes.

Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes.

Crossing over

Occurs between nonsister chromatids during meiosis.

Diploid

The restoration of the diploid chromosome number is due to fertilization.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell.

Cancer cells

Cells that continue to divide even when tightly packed together.

Tumor

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably.

Density-dependent inhibition

A process where cells stop dividing when they become too crowded.

Meiosis II

Similar to mitosis because sister chromatids separate.

Chiasmata

The points where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, occurring after mitosis.

Barr bodies

Inactive X chromosomes in females, serving to ensure dosage compensation.