Central Nervous System, Psychodynamic Theorists, DSM History

What is the purpose of the title change to DSM-5?

To enable more frequent minor updates, similar to computer operating systems.

What significant assessment system was dropped in DSM-5?

The multiaxial assessment system.

Name three new disorders added in DSM-5.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, binge eating disorder.

What is the new classification for mental retardation in DSM-5?

Intellectual disability or intellectual development disorder.

How did DSM-5 change the criteria for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Increased the age of symptoms from 7 to 12 and combined symptoms from previous categories.

What is the new minimum number of symptoms required for adults with ADHD in DSM-5?

Five symptoms.

How did DSM-5 redefine Bulimia Nervosa?

Reduced the frequency of binge eating to once per week.

What is the significance of the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5?

It was removed, allowing for a diagnosis of depression even after a significant loss.

What are the two new categories that Mood Disorders were split into in DSM-5?

Depressive Disorders and Bipolar and Related Disorders.

What are the main functions of the Medulla in the hindbrain?

Regulates vital life-support functions such as heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

What role does the Pons play in the brain?

Helps coordinate movements and relays sensory information between the cerebellum and higher brain regions.

What is the function of the Thalamus in the forebrain?

Relays sensory information (except smell) to higher brain regions.

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

Body temperature, fluid concentration in blood, reproductive processes, and emotional states.

What is the role of the Amygdala in the limbic system?

Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear.

What is the primary function of the Hippocampus?

Processing long-term memory and emotional responses.

What does the Corpus Callosum connect?

The right and left hemispheres of the brain.

What is the outermost layer of the brain called?

Cerebral Cortex.

What are the main functions of the Frontal Lobe?

Involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans and judgments.

What sensations does the Parietal Lobe process?

Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position.

What is the primary function of the Temporal Lobe?

Includes auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear.

What is the role of the Nucleus Accumbens in the brain?

It is one of the reward centers of the brain.

What does the Reticular Activating System contribute to?

Processes of arousal and tension, influencing whether we are awake or asleep.

What is the significance of the dimensional approach in DSM-5?

It allows for the rating of disorders/symptoms on a scale.

What was a major controversy surrounding the development of DSM-5?

Many work group members quit midway, and leaders of mental health organizations boycotted it.

What are the key components that define abnormality according to the Harmful Dysfunction Theory?

Personal distress to the individual, deviance from cultural norms, statistical infrequency, impaired social functioning.

What is the definition of a mental disorder according to the DSM?

A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior, indicating a dysfunction in mental functioning.

Why is the definition of abnormality important for professionals?

It impacts the attention received from clinical psychologists and reflects a medical model of psychopathology.

What historical contributions did Hippocrates make to the understanding of abnormality?

He emphasized natural causes for abnormal behavior, which was a significant early step towards current definitions.

What role did Philippe Pinel play in the history of mental disorders?

He proposed specific categories of mental disorders such as melancholia, mania, and dementia.

Who is considered the founding father of the current diagnostic system for mental disorders?

Emil Kraepelin.

What are some criticisms of the DSM-5 according to Allen Frances?

It may mislabel normal people, promote diagnostic inflation, and encourage inappropriate medication use.

What are some strengths of the recent editions of the DSM?

Emphasis on empirical research, use of explicit diagnostic criteria, interclinician reliability, and breadth of coverage.

What limitations are associated with the DSM?

Diagnostic overexpansion, cultural issues, gender bias, and limitations on objectivity.

What factors are implicated in many psychological disorders according to biological models?

Genetic factors, disturbances in neurotransmitter functioning, and underlying brain abnormalities.

What do psychodynamic theorists believe about the causes of behavior?

They believe behavior is largely determined by underlying psychological forces of which the individual is not consciously aware.

What is the significance of culture and values in defining mental disorders?

They play an influential role in the definitions produced for mental disorders.

What does the term 'dysfunction' refer to in the context of mental disorders?

It refers to the failure of a mental mechanism to perform a function naturally.

What is the impact of having a diagnostic label for clients?

It can affect their treatment and the perception of their condition.

What was the effect of discussions of abnormal behavior in ancient texts?

They often led to stereotyping of individuals and affected legal outcomes.

What is the importance of expectable reactions to common stressors in the context of mental disorders?

They are not considered mental disorders.

What are some specific criticisms of the DSM mentioned in the notes?

Concerns about diagnostic inflation and the potential mislabeling of normal behavior.

What is the role of empirical research in the DSM's development?

It emphasizes the need for evidence-based criteria in diagnosing mental disorders.

How does the DSM facilitate communication between researchers and clinicians?

By providing a standardized language and explicit criteria for mental disorders.

What is the significance of the transparency of the DSM revision process?

It allows for greater scrutiny and input from various stakeholders in mental health.

What does the term 'medical model of psychopathology' imply?

It suggests that mental disorders are akin to physical illnesses that can be diagnosed and treated.

What is the importance of interclinician reliability in the DSM?

It ensures that different clinicians can arrive at the same diagnosis using the same criteria.

What historical context led to the establishment of mental asylums in the 19th century?

The need to categorize and treat individuals with mental disorders.

What are abnormal symptoms viewed as in psychodynamic theories?

Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of intrapsychic conflicts.

What deterministic assumption do psychodynamic theories rest on?

Psychodynamic theories rest on the assumption that no symptom or behavior is 'accidental'.

Who first formulated the theory of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

What does the psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

It emphasizes the role of unconscious motives and thoughts.

What is the unconscious mind described as containing?

The unconscious mind contains hurtful memories, forbidden desires, and repressed experiences.

What must happen for unconscious material to stop leading to irrational behavior?

It must be brought to awareness and integrated into the conscious part of the mind.

What are the three parts of the mind according to Freud?

Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

What is the conscious part of the mind?

It corresponds to our present awareness.

What does the preconscious contain?

Memories that are not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing on them.

What does the unconscious represent?

It is the largest part of the mind, containing basic biological impulses or drives, primarily sexual and aggressive instincts.

What is the id and what principle does it operate on?

The id operates completely in the unconscious and follows the pleasure principle, demanding instant gratification.

What role does the ego play in personality?

The ego organizes reasonable ways of coping with frustration and seeks to curb the demands of the id.

What develops the superego?

The superego develops from the internalization of the moral standards and values of parents and key figures.

What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?

Oral Stage (birth to 18 months), Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years), Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years).

What was the primary purpose of the DSM's earlier editions (I and II)?

The primary purpose was the collection of statistical and census data for diagnostic categories.

What influenced the creation of the first DSM?

The Veterans Affairs developed an early categorization system to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II.

When was the DSM-I published?

The DSM-I was published by the APA in 1952.

What were the three categories defined in the earlier DSM editions?

Psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders.

How were the definitions of disorders in the earlier DSM editions characterized?

They were not scientifically or empirically based, reflecting the accumulated clinical wisdom of senior academic psychiatrists.

What was a limitation of the earlier DSM editions?

They had vague descriptions of clinical conditions without specific symptoms or criteria listed.

What editions followed the DSM-II?

The more recent editions are DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and DSM-IV-TR.

What year was DSM-III published?

DSM-III was published in 1980.

What are the major changes introduced by DSM-III-R compared to its predecessors?

It relied on empirical data, used specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders, replaced psychoanalytic language with terminology reflecting no single school of thought, and introduced a multiaxial assessment system.

What significant revision did DSM-5 undergo in 2013?

It was the first substantial revision after 20 years, retained major changes from DSM-III, and was led by David Kupfer and Darrel Regier after over 12 years of research.

What is the latency period in psychosexual development according to Freud?

The latency period occurs from ages 6 to 12, during which sexual impulses are not a factor.

What characterizes the genital stage of psychosexual development?

The genital stage occurs in adulthood and is characterized by the emergence of heterosexual interests.

What is Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious?

Jung believed that in addition to a personal unconscious, humans inherit a collective unconscious that contains archetypal images passed down through generations.

How did Alfred Adler view feelings of inferiority?

Adler believed that feelings of inferiority, stemming from physical deficits, drive individuals to seek superiority and social dominance.

What is a central element of Adler's therapeutic approach?

Adler focused on helping individuals change illogical and mistaken ideas and expectations, emphasizing that feeling and behaving better depend on thinking more rationally.

What is basic hostility according to Karen Horney?

Basic hostility is a form of resentment that children develop toward their parents due to harsh and uncaring parenting.

What is basic anxiety in Horney's theory?

Basic anxiety is a deep-seated feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world, which arises after basic hostility is repressed.

How can Horney's neurotic trends be understood today?

Horney's neurotic trends may be conceived as personality disorders, and her dynamic theory can aid in understanding these disorders.

What are the three clusters of personality disorders according to Horney's theory?

Cluster A (Detached), Cluster B (Aggressive), and Cluster C (Compliant).

What was Erik Erikson's focus in his theory of psychosocial development?

Erikson emphasized the importance of social relationships and the formation of personal identity over unconscious processes.

What criticism is directed at behaviorism in explaining human behavior?

Critics argue that behaviorism cannot account for the richness of human experience and fails to address what it means to be human.

What is a limitation of social-cognitive theory according to critics?

Social-cognitive theory places too little emphasis on genetic contributions to behavior and does not adequately account for subjective experience.

What do humanistic models emphasize in psychology?

Humanistic models emphasize personal freedom and the conscious choices individuals make that give their lives meaning and purpose.

What is the significance of the multiaxial assessment system introduced in DSM-III-R?

The multiaxial assessment system allowed for a more comprehensive evaluation of an individual's mental health by considering multiple axes of diagnosis.

What was the role of WHO in the development of DSM-5?

The development of DSM-5 involved coordinated efforts with the World Health Organization (WHO).

What is the difference between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious in Jung's theory?

The personal unconscious contains repressed memories and impulses unique to the individual, while the collective unconscious contains archetypal images shared among all humans.

How did Adler categorize personality traits?

Adler catalogued personality traits into different dimensions, such as extroversion versus introversion.

What motivates individuals according to Adler's theory?

Individuals are motivated by a powerful drive for superiority, stemming from feelings of inferiority.

What does Horney's dynamic theory suggest about personality disorders?

Horney's dynamic theory can be valid and useful in understanding personality disorders, linking them to underlying psychological conflicts.

What is the importance of social relationships in Erikson's psychosocial development theory?

Erikson attributed greater importance to social relationships in the formation of personal identity than to unconscious processes.

Who are the two principal figures in humanistic psychology?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

What is the inborn tendency that humanistic psychologists believe people have?

Self-actualization.

According to Rogers, what causes abnormal behavior?

A distorted concept of the self.

What is unconditional positive regard?

Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do.

What can happen when parents show conditional positive regard?

Children may learn to disown thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are not approved by their parents.

What are conditions of worth?

Beliefs that one is worthwhile only if they behave in certain approved ways.

What psychological effects can result from a distorted self-concept?

Frustration and dissatisfaction, leading to abnormal behavior.

What is the pathway to self-actualization according to humanistic psychology?

A process of self-discovery and self-acceptance, getting in touch with true feelings, and acting in ways that reflect those feelings.

What is a primary strength of the humanistic approach?

Its focus on conscious experience.