exercise science exam 3

_______ is crucial for performing sports, games & lifetime activities

Set of basic skills/foundational skills

What age is basic competence and efficient developed in early childhood?

7 years old

Basic fundamental skills for sports

Balance, hand eye coordination, running

Motor learning

your body learning and improving movements through practice and experience

Gross motor skills

Motor skills that use large muscles (running, leaping, jumping)

Fine motor skills

motor skills that use small muscles (using utensils, writing)

Stages of motor learning

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

Stage of motor learning: cognitive

1st stage, focus on the basic understanding of a new skill, lots of errors

First stage of motor learning, cognitive stage, relies heavily on…

Visual and verbal cues

Stage of motor learning: associative

2nd stage after understanding the skill, focus on refining/improving the skill, technique, and consistency

learning chunking

Breaking the skill down into smaller learning chunks

Stage of motor learning: autonomous

3rd stage, mastery of the skill

10,000 Hour Rule

Rule states that is takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice to master a skill

Types of skill

Closed and unclosed skills

Closed skills

Done in a stable, predictable environment, nothing in the environment is effecting how they perform it

Open skills

Done in an unstable, changing environment, performance depends on external factors (ex: other players)

Whole practice

Practice entire movement/skill at once

Part practice

Practicing the components of the skill separately

Explicit learning

Comes from an external source (like a coach, teacher), you are told what to do

Pros of explicit learning

Better for early learning

Cons of explicit learning

May not remember how to do the skill, reliance on coach’s help

Implicit learning

Comes from within your body, you learn through feel and repetition

Pros of implicit learning

Better retention of what to do, can perform skill independently

Cons of implicit learning

Takes more time to master, may develop bad habits/techniques

What stage of motor learning would implicit learning be best?

Autonomous

Which stage of motor learning would explicit learning be best?

Cognitive, in the beginning getting feedback early

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

All nerves outside of the central nervous system

Premotor cortex

Controls planning of movements

Supplementary motor area

Controls sequencing of movements

Motor cortex (frontal lobe)

EDIT: Controls voluntary control of movement

Afferent neurons

Sensory neurons, carries outside stimuli UP TO THE BRAIN

Efferent neurons

Motor neurons, send signals FROM THE BRAIN TO THE BODY

Dendrite

Cell body

Multipolar Neurons

1 axon and several dendrites, dendrites do not come off of the cell body, most abundant

Unipolar/pseudounipolar neuron

sensory neuron with one branch that splits in two, cell body is in the middle (one side receives signals and the other sends them to the brain/spinal cord)

Neurons use __________messengers and changes in ____________ to quickly send signals around the body

Chemical, electrical charge

Chemical gradient

Molecules move from high concentration → low concentration

Membrane potential

The charge difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell.

Action potentials

Strong, high electrical, all or none signal that travels along the axon

graded potential

small, weak signals in a neuron that add up to get enough charge to reach threshold and trigger an action potential

Signal integration

neuron combines multiple signals to decide what to do.

In order for action potential to go, we need to hit a certain _________

Threshold

Depolarization

Goes up, positive shift, neuron is starting to turn on

Resting potential

the neuron’s normal “at rest” state when it’s not sending a signal

Repolarization

Negative shift, neuron returns back to its normal resting state after firing

Hyperpolarization

neuron becomes more negative than its normal resting state

2 Types of Action Potential Propagation

Continuous and saltatory

Continuous (action potential propagation)

the UNMYELIMATED signal moves step-by-step along the whole axon (slow)

Saltatory (action potential propagation)

The MYELINATED signal jumps from gap to gap (Nodes of Ranvier), FASTER

Why is Saltatory propagation faster

It jumps between nodes of ranvier because its myelinated