Introduction to organic chemistry

nomenclature and isomerism

Empirical formula

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Molecular formula

The true number of atoms of each element in a compound

general formula

all members of a homologous organic series follow a general formula

structural formula

the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule

Displayed formula

every atom and every bond in an organic compound

skeletal formula

shows only the bonds in a compound and non-carbon atoms

each point is a carbon atom

hydrogen is not included as they are already assumed.

definition of homologous series

all members follow a general formula and have similar chemical properties. and there is an increase in boiling points as the chain length increases.

What are the 3 types of Isomerism

structural isomerism

Positional Isomerism

Stereoisomerism

and functional group Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomers with a different structural arrangement of atoms. but same molecular formula

Positional Isomerism

isomers that have a functional group but in different positions

such as Propane-1-ol and Propane-2-ol

Stereoisomerism

isomers with a different spatial arrangement

Definition of an Isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formular but different structural formula

Functional group isomerism

Same molecular formlal but different structural formula

therefore different functional group

What is an example of Stereoisomerism?

E to Z isomerism