HUG Unit 6

What rate of urbanization do you say in the core vs. the periphery?

Core: slowing urabanization

Periphery: rapid, unplanned urban growth

What is a common them among rapid urbanization in the periphery?

It is unplanned and often not well-constructed

Why do we continue to urbanize so much?

Industry and population growth.

Machinery has created jobs in cities, but more houses are needed to sustain workers

What are the differences between a metacity and megacity?

Metacity - endless sprawl, 20M+ population

Megacity - high density, rapid expansion, 10M+ population

What caused mass American suburbanization after WWII?

Economic expansion

Car culture

Interstate highways

White Flight: movement to the suburbs, driven by racial tensions and discriminatory mortage policies from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Which percent of Americans are in the suburbs? Why is this important

55%.

Shows how central urban centers are becoming less popular. People prefer to be close to the city but not in it

What are the modern, different trends of urbanization? Define them

Edge Cities - suburban economic nodes near highway/transportation junctions

Boomburbs - rapidly growing suburbs that lack dense centers

Exurbs - prosperous residential districts beyond suburbs for remote workers

What are the 4 main global cities?

Tokyo, Japan

London, England

New York City, USA

Paris, France

What do global cities do?

They control global media and economy, and they are home to important multinational corporations

What is a nodal city?

A regional command center for specialized functions

What is the global trend in urbanization? What kind of movement is this?

Unprescedented rates of rural to urban migration

What are some factors that impact how large cities are made?

Transportation - enough roads? too much traffic?

Housing production - enough houses?

Landscape preferences - where are homes being built? with which materials?

social and demographic trends - treatment of men vs women? CBR and CDR?

Which hemisphere once had the most megacities? What about now?

Was Northern, became Southern

Why are there so many mega cities in the periphery and semi-periphery?

Poor people go to urban centers for economic opportunities, rapidlt expanding housing to support migrants

Why do multinational corporations cluster in global/world cities?

These cities offer acces to networks of…

manufacturing and trade

transportation

banking

communication

Describe Christaller’s Central Place Theory. Don’t forget to mention the key vocabulary that has to do with the organization of places.

Uses hexagons to arrange a hierarchy of cities.

A city would be at the center, surrounded by towns, which are surrounded by smaller settlements.

Settlements closer to the center of the model offer higher-order goods and services, which means they are more specialized

Lower-order services are offered in less relevant settlements, as well as the center, providing basic, general necessities.

What is threshold in Christaller’s Central Place Theory?

The number of people needed to support a service. Higher-order services require a larger population to make profit

What is range in Christaller’s Central Place Theory?

The maximum distance the average consumer would go to access a service

What does the Christaller’s Central Place Theory Model assume?

Land is flat and even.

Transport cost increases as you get further from the center.

What is the Rank-size Formula?

A rank n city has the population of the rank 1 city divided by n

What is a primate city?

A city that is much larger in population than the rest of the cities in that country

What are hinterlands?

Market areas surrounding a central place

Give two examples of primate countries. One in East Asia, another in South Asia

Korea and Bangladesh

Give two examples of countries that follow the Rank-size rule. One in North America, another in Western Europe

USA/Canada (both work)

Germany

What are the pros and cons of having a primate city?

Pros - social economical, and political center point

Cons - all resources are in one place

What are the pros and cons of following the rank-size rule?

Pros - variety of services and share of power

Cons - communication

What is a CBD?

Central business district

It is the commercial heart, with high land revenue

Why can housing be cheaper in cities, despite the Bid-Rent Theory

Rent could be cheaper because housing/apartments take up much more land.

Land per square foot is more expensive, but consumers rent such a small amount of land that it is much cheaper than buying a house in the suburbs

Who made the city model with Concentric rings? Which city was it based on, and at which time period?

Ernest Burgess based it on 1920’s Chicago

Describe the different layers Burgess Concentric Zone Model

CBD - economic center

Zone in transition - Industrial parks and low-class residents

Working Class - Middle class, working residence

Better residence - Wealthy people

Commuter Zone - Middle class suburbs. People must commute to the city

Who made the city model with outstretching sectors? Which city was it based on, and at which time period?

Homer Hoyt based it on 1930s USA

Describe the layers Hoyt Sector Model.

CBD - economic center

Zone of Transition - industrialization, poor residence

Lower Class residence - very close to industrial spines so that poor people can get to work

Middle Class Residence - farther from industrial spines because the middle class could afford to commute to work

Upper Class Residence - a spine extending from the CBD, growing along transportation routes

What are the weaknesses of the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?

It is outdated due to changes in the economy, transport, and urban renewal and gentrification

Also, the model was only applicable to the US, with poorer people being closer to the CBD than wealthy people

What are the weaknesses of the Hoyt Sector Model?

It is outdated, as it is based on rail transport. Also, the relevance of the CBD has decreased, due to economic shifts towards the suburbs

Which evolution brought the patterns described by the Hoyt Sector Model?

Improved transportation like railways form corridors that pass throughout the city

Who made the city model with multiple nuclei? Which country was it based on, and at which time period?

Harris and Ullman made it based on 1945 USA (early Automobile Era)

Which evolution caused the patterns described by the harris and ullman multiple nuclei model?

Cars allowed multiple centers to emerge

Describe the Multiple Nuclei Model.

Nuclei specialized in certain functions surround the CBD. They are still dependent, though they have individual characteristics

Who made the city model with Urban Realms? Which city was it based on, and at which time period?

James Vance based it on 1964 San Francisco (Suburban Indpendence)

Which evolution is most apparent the Urban Realms Model?

The suburbs became more independent from the CBD, post WW-II suburbanization, widespread automobiles.

Describe the Urban Realms Model.

Several, self-sufficient cities surround the CBD. These suburbs have their own downtowns and locals rarely visit the CBD

Who made the city model with Urban Realms? Which city was it based on, and at which time period?

Chauncy Harris based the model off of Detroit/Atlanta in the 1960s during the Highway Era

Which evolution is most apparent in the Galactic City Model? What what was the effect of this evolution?

The presence of highways, which create service-based economies

Describe the Galactic City Model.

Beltways connect suburbs and the CBD. Along this freeway are edge cities, mini downtowns.

Inner City Decline: Wealth moves to periphery

Why do we observe the patterns seen in the Latin-American City Model?

Laws of the Indies enacted by Spanish colonizers forced Latin-American city design to become similar to that in Spain. The cities oftentimes never changed.

Describe the Latin-American City Model.

CBD: at the center

Church: often in the CBD

Market: Next to the CBD

Zone of Maturity: Surrounds the CBD; middle-class residence

Zone of in-situ accretion: Outside Zone of Maturity; lower-class residence

Commercial Spine (Important): An elite economic sector that stretches out from the CBD

Mall/Elite Sector: High-quality area often filled with resorts and commercial compounds

Industrial Park: Industrial compounds laid on the periphery

Periferico/Favelos/Barrios: Poorer squatter settlements on the periphery

Disamenity Zone: Gang-controlled, steep/unsafe land; no amenities to survive

Who made the Latin American City Model?

Ford and Griffin

Who made the Sub-Saharan African City Model?

de Blij

Describe the Sub-Saharan African City Model.

Three CBDs: {

Traditional CBD: African companies are centered here. Single-story

Colonial CBD: Neocolonial companies are centered here

Open-air Market: As it sounds

}

Residential Zones

Mining/Resource Extraction/Manufacturing

Informal Settlements

Describe the Southeast Asian City Model.

A port replaces the CBD.

Close to the port: important areas like a government building and commercial zones

Western commercial zone: colonial-dominated commercial zone with well-established foreign businesses

Alien Commercial Zone: Small businesses run by Chinese/Indian merchants. Mixed Land Use

Mixed Land Use: Shops and houses together

High and Middle Class Residences: Outside the commercial zones and government buildings

Informal settlements, Squatter Settlements, Industrial Park: All far from the port

Who made the Southeast Asian City Model?

McGee

Describe the Islamic City Model

Tami: Large mosque at the center of the city

Citadel/Fort: Home of royalty like the prince

Bazaar/Suq: Open-Air Market

Winding streets: Maximize shade and privacy

What is the Islamic City Model Strongly based around?

The Mosque/religion

What is the Southeast Asian City Model strongly based around

The port/a focus on exporation and commerce

What is the Sub-Saharan African City Model strongly based around?

Rapid urbanization over colonial roots creating a unique type of development

What is the Latin-American City Model strongly based around?

The blending of a colonial plaza with modern growth

What are patterns you would see on the inner suburbs vs. outer suburbs vs. exurbs?

Inner suburbs often have row houses.

Outer suburbs have larger plots with single-family homes

Very large plots for each person

What is an important asset to people in the outer suburbs?

Cars

What do zoning laws do?

Legally prohibit the use of land for anything other than what it was designated for

Name an important social/cultural factor that altered how cities look today.

Racism: White Flight left minorities in the city and white people mostly outside them

What are the effects of different levels of transportation on cityscapes?

Walking = compact and dense

Streetcar (1850s) = spread along rail lines

Automobile/highways = sprawl

What is infilling?

The development of unused land inside city limits. This includes expanding vertically.

What is the effect of infilling?

Less car reliance

More tax revenue/reduced sprawl

Gentrification

May displace poor people because of higher taxes and land cost

What does infrastructure include?

All systems that keep a city running, including seqage, internet access, hospitals and services, and buildings

What is the effect of good infrastructure, economically?

More businesses are attracted to the city, which creates a healthy cycle of more money being brought in to the city, which helps expand even further

What is Urban Sustainability?

Using resource to build livable vities while preserving tehm for future generations

What are all of the kinds of sustainable design initiatives?

New Urbanism

Smart Growth

Slow Growth

Greenbelts

Brownfield Remediation

Urban Growth Boundaries

Farmland Protection

Regional Planning and Mass Transit

What is New Urbanism?

A city design effort to condense buildings using mixed land use with a European style of architecture. It has high-quality public transit, as well

Describe Smart Growth.

Large-scale intervention to promote infilling. It has walkable streets, mixed land use, diverse housing for all income levels, and transportation-oriented development (TOD)

What is the main goal of smart growth?

To create a smart city and to protect farmland

What differentiates New Urbanism and Smart Growth

Scale. Smart Growth is on the scale of an entire city. New Urbanism is more about the aesthetics and organization of a neighborhood

What are green belts? What are their benefits?

A ring of protected forest/farmland around a city, or green strips that run through a city

They are protected by zoning laws.

They prevent urban sprawl

Absorb CO2

Can cool a city

Absorb Floods

What are slow growth cities?

Counter UGBs (Urban Growth Cities), which are rapidly expanding urban centers

These cities limit building permits, encourage infilling over expansion, and protect groundwater and farmland

What are the benefits of sustainable design initiatives?

Reduces sprawl

Improves walkability and transit

More diverse housing options

better quality of life

protects the environment

More accessibiity to services, recreation, and jobs

Better Sense of Place

What are some disadvantages of sustainable design initiatives?

Raises housing costs - mixed land use increases land deman

De facto segregation - low income residents are psuhed out

Loss of historical character

Often fails to live up to promises

Loss of diversity

More traffic because of a larger population and les space

Strain on infrastructure to support more people

How many people are in a Census Tract?

4,000-12,000 people

What is redlining? What are its effects?

When banks refuse loans on minority neighborhoods

Poverty and crime deepened over decades

What was the Fair Housing Act? When was it made?

A policy that outlawed Redlining in 1968

What is blockbusting?

When salesmen would lowball houses from white families who are fleeing from incoming minorities. These houses would be sold at very high prices to these minorities

Are redlining and blockbusting de facto or de jure?

De facto

What are the effects of redlining and blockbusting on housing affordability? What were the responses to this?

Labor and material costs rise sharply

Low-mid income buyers are priced out

The Housing Choice Voucher was a federal subsidy to help people pay for houses

Rent control capped the maximum rent allowed to be charged

What is the ratio of housing price to income in order for a house to be considered affordable?

The price must be less than or equal to 30% of a person’s income

What is environmental injustice/racism?

When minorities are forced to live with environmental risks

What are squatter settlements?

Illegal, informal housing from scrap materials

What are the other names of squatter settlements? Where do these names come from?

Favelos - Brazil

Barrios - Spanish-speaking Countries/North America

Shantytown

Slum - London

Barong-Barong - Phillipines

Gecekondu - Turkey

Bastoe - South Asia

What causes squatter settlements?

Rapid Urbanization, demand for affordable housing, and failure to enforce land use policies

What is a land tenure?

The legal right to own.hold land

What is Inclusionary Zoning? What is the Goal?

A policy forcing new residential developments to make affordable units. It intends to reverse racial and class segregation over time

What is Exclusionary (Snob) Zoning?

Policy that requires a minimum house size that is too large to be affordable for lower-income people, segregating them

What is gentrification? Benefits?

When middle-high class people populate a historically poorer area like the inner city.

Their wealth helps revitalize the city, create investment opportunities, heighten the tax base through better goods and services, and enhance the area’s architecture and aesthetic

Why does gentrification happen?

Degraded areas have cheaper land/investment opportunites

Poorer areas may have aesthetic value witha more old, classical look

Poorer areas may have connection to cultural centers and proximity to growth poles (urban/populational centers)

What are 7 threats to urban sustainability?

Ecological footprint

Sanitation

Climate Change

Air and Water Quality

Urban Risk Divide

Overexertion of resources

Excessive Sprawl

What is an Urban Heat Island?

An urban center which has a temperature 3-5 degrees fahrenheit hotter than rural areas due to hard surfaces in the cities trapping and radiating heat

What is the effect of infilling on Urban Heat Islands?

It can worsen the degree of the Urban Heat Island due to taller buildings trapping more heat

What is Urban Risk Divide?

Poorer areas are forced to absorb more environmental risks like being prone to floods, as well as less able to deal with these issues due to financial disparities

What is Brownfield Remediation?

When brownfields (abandoned, polluted areas) are cleaned and redeveloped for new use. Plants are used to absorb and remove soil toxins

What are Urban Growth Boundaries

Borders like greenbelts limit outward city expansion

What is an important law related to Farmland Protection?

FPPA (Farmland Protection Policy Act): American federal oversight of farmland projects. It protects farms if too much land is taken or if it excessibely damages the environment

What is Regional Planning and Mass Transit used for?

To lower pollution

What are all of the Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Development?

Sail-Wagon

Iron Horse

teel Rail

Auto-Air-Amenity

High-tech/modern