Pulmonology MSA Anatomy/Physiology Quiz pgs 177-184

Respiratory System/Tract

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, thorax

Nares

nostrils

Nasal septum

a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections

turbinates (nasal conchae)

Three long, bony projections (superior, middle, and inferior) on either side of the nasal cavity. They break up and slow down inhaled air.

mucous membrane

Lines the nasal cavity and turbinates, warms and moisturizes air and produces mucus

Mucus

a slimy substance produced in the nose and throat to moisten and protect them

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

three parts of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

orthopharynx

area of the pharynx posterior to the mouth.

laryngopharynx

lower part of the pharynx, posterior to the larynx (voice box) opening into the larynx and esophagus

Cilia

Small hairs that move in waves to carry mucus and foreign particles toward the throat where they can be swallowed or expelled by coughing

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Lumen

The central opening within the trachea

cardiopulmonary

pertaining to the heart and lungs

Bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Bronchopulmonary

pertaining to the bronchi and lungs

Bronchial tree

the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Lobes

Large divisions of the lungs that are visible on its outer surface

The lobes of the right lung

superior, middle, inferior

The lobes of the left lung

superior and inferior

apex of the lung

uppermost portion of the lung

hilum of the lung

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

pulmonary surfactant

A compound excreted by alveoli, reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation

pulmonary parenchyma

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli

Thorax

chest

Rib cage

protects the heart and lungs

Sternum

breastbone

Mediastium

The middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes.

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

Pleurae

serous membranes that form an envelope between the lungs and the chest wall

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

Pleural fluid

serous fluid necessary to prevent friction between the pleural membranes

Pleural space

the area between the parietal and visceral pleurae; pleural fluid is excreted into this space

Respiratory control centers

Centers in the brain that regulate the depth and rate of respiration

Phrenic nerve

Carries impulses to the diaphragm from the brain.

Respiration

Inhalation and exhalation of air.

Inhalation/Inspiration

breathing in

Exhalation/Expiration

breathing out

intercostal muscles

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing.

Why is it necessary for the ribs to pull out during inhalation?

This movement enlarges the thoracic cavity and creates negative internal pressure that causes air to flow into the lungs

What happens to the lungs during exhalation?

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity returns to its previous size, and air flows slowly out of the nose.

Eupnea

A normal depth and rate of respiration

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

external respiration

Movement of oxygen gas molecules from inhaled air into the alveoli and then into the blood. External respiration also involves the movement of carbon dioxide gas molecules from the blood into the alveoli and then into exhaled air. External respiration is the exchange of these two gases within the alveoli. The respiratory system and the blood perform this process together.

Gas transport

the process of carrying O2 and CO2 from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa. Performed by the cardiovascular system and blood

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

Oxyhemoglobin

a bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

Internal respiration

Movement of oxygen gas molecules from the blood into the cells of the body. Also, the movement of carbon dioxide gas molecules from the cells into the blood.

Internal respiration is the exchange of those two gases between the blood and each cell. The blood and individual cells perform this process.

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials