endocrine and bone FNH FINAL

what are the 4 types of bones

1. flat bone 2. long bone 3. ireegular bone 4. short bone

what is the key part of the long bone

the long part diaphysis

what are the chartacteristics of compact bone

strong, very densely packed. found it diaphysis or outer layor of most bones.

what is the characteristics of spongey bone (or called trabular bone)

less strong, less densly packed, and lighhter. found in epiysis, and in most bones.

B

OsteoBlasts:

build new bones

OsteoClasts

break down bone mineral to release calcium

osteocytes are

mature osteoblasts embedded in calcium matrix

chondricytes:

deposit cartilage

the episial plate is very important for

bone growth

What does growth hormone do?

GH through IGF-1 stimulation osteoblasts and condrosites to grow.

B

How much is the ca2+ needed in your body to remian homeostasis

1% in other tissues → 10% extracellular → 50% free ca+

what is the ca2+ needed for homeostais important for (4)

neurmuscular excitability, neurotransmitters, contractions, clotting of blood.m

at rest, cells have a -+

negative resting potenmtional (postive outside, negative inside.)

what is hypercalceimia and what happens

too much calcium! makes membrane potyential (difference between inside and outside) more negative.

what is hypocalceimia and what happens

too little calicum! makes membraned potential (difference between inside and outside) more postive.

when there is reduced excitability in hypercalcaemia this causes

muscle weakness, fatigue confusion

when there is reduced excitability in hypocalcaemia this causes

spasms of respiratory muscles.

which hormone refulates ca2+

parathryoid hormone, which are SEPERATE from thyroid gland

when bones are dissolved what happens if they go into blood

ca2+ is saved, and po4- is elimated in urine

how to activate vitamin D

activate as it goes through liver, then kidney to be activ ated

the parathroid hormone helps with vitamin D because

it activates kidney enzymes

how much vitamin D do we need per day

15 mcg, 600 IU

what does calcitonin

it tells us to stop dissolving bone

what is diufference between glucose and glycogen

C

A

what is anabolism

builsing or synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from smaller organic subunits

what is the conversion order? amino acids glucosde and fatty acids

amino acids → glucose → fatty acids

what are essential nutrients?

nutrients needed by the body which it cant make

B, C, D

Carbohydrates are gotten from our diet of? which is used as? which is stored as?

starch & sugars →glucose → glycogen

Fats are gotten from our diet of? which is used as? which is stored as?

triglyceride → fatty acids→triglyceride

Protein are gotten from our diet of? which is used as? which is stored as?

Protein → amino acids → body protein

A

catabolism

Breaking down our stored food to maintain energy homeostasis is

B

B

A

what is difference between glucagon and glucose

glucose is a simple sugar. glucagon is the hormone that raises low blood glucose

what part if the hypothalamus controls apetite

arcuate nucleaus

when you have an empty stomach _ increased apetite

ghrelin

when you have a full stomach _ decreased apteite

leptin and glucose

C

the adrenal gland is next to the

kindey

what are the 3 hormones of the adrenal gland

1. mineralcorticoids (Na+ and K+) 2. Glucocorticoids (Glucose metabolism) 3. Sex hormones

hormones of the adrenal cortex are

lipophilic

aldosterone secretion is primilairly regulated by the anterior pitutiary and hypothalamus?

no

hypersecretion of aldosterone would lead to

high blood pressure

cortisol is the

main stress hormone

cortisol _ blood glucose levels

increase

the difference between metabolic effects of growth hormone and cortisol is that growth hormone…

spares proteins

control (pathway of cortisol secretion)

stress → hypothamus → crh → anterior pituary → adrenal cortex → cortisol (HPA)

What is cushing sydrome?

when you are exposed to cortisol for a while

what are symptons of cushing and what is it caused by

weight gain, round face, fatty hum between shoulders. increased by lipolysis in abdomen, back, and face. increased protein breakdown.

what is adrenal androgen hypersection signs in females (high testosorone?)

Hirsutism, deepending of voice, breasts become smaller, mensatration may cease

the adrenal medella secrenmtes

noephriphrine and epinephrine

what is difference between epinephrine and norephprine?

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is both a hormone produced by the body and a medication. Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a chemical in the body that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, which sends signals between nerve cells

adrenergic recpters

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

which adrenergic recpters are excitatory

alpha 1, beta 1

which adrenergic recpters are inhibatory

alpha 2, beta 2

alpha 1…

constricts blood vessels and raidal muscles of eye

alpha 2…

inhibits digestive functions

beta 1…

excites the heart

beta 2..

relaxes and dilates everything else

A

growth hormone is secreted from the

anterior pituiatry

D

independent of grpwth, what does GH help maintain

blood glucose

when is durnal rythmn secreted the most?

night

D

Our thryoid cells make a protein called.?

thyroglobulin

Follicular cells take up __ and export to colloid

iodine

Attachemnt od iodine to Tg generates…? which then generates which thryoid hormone

MIT AND DIT. T3 and T4

how do we get T3 and T4 out of the thyroid

by taking a big thryoglobullin

D

Iodine is taken up by the follicylar cells of the thyroid by Na+/I through

2nd active transport

regulation of thyroid hormone secretion chart

hypothalamys → TRH → anterior pituatry → TSH → thyroid→t3 & t4

what is hypothyrodism and causes?

when we do not produce enough thyroid hormone. primairy failure of the thyroid gland. it can also be caused by a defect by the hypothalamsus or anterior pituarity. or inadequte iodine.

what is hyperthyrodism and causes?

when our body produces too much. (common is grave’s disease). usually caused my antibodies which attack throid gland.

what is goitre

it is when excess TSH (tyroid stimulating hormone) which stimuates thyroid growth.

what aew the 2 hormones releassed from posterior pituitary glandz?

vasopressin (stops you from urinating, and increase blood pressure on blood vessel) and oxyctocin (for birth and milk)

D

do we make hormones in posterior pitutary?

no

do we make hormones in anterior pitutary?

yes

anterior pituaitary… and secretes how many hormones

synethzies and secretes 6 hormones

what are the 6 hormones the anterior pituiatyry hormone releases

thyroid stimuating hormone, adrenocorticopuc hormone (stimulates adrenal gland), growth hormone, LH + FSH. Prolactin (for breast milk PRODUCTION)

D

what are the 4 hypophysiotropic hormones?

(thryoid releasing hormine)TCH, (corritoropin releasing hormone)CRH, (growth hormone releasing hormone)GHRH, (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)GHIH

C

D

A

the pineal gland secretes…

melatonin