6-1, 6-2, 6-3

apush

Transcontinental Railroad

Linked the East and West Coasts of North America. It facilitated the flow of migrants and the development of economic connections between the West and the East.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Sought to confine tribes on the Northern Plains to designated areas in an attempt to keep white settlers from encroaching on their land.

Sand Creek Massacre

The death of 270 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians- mostly women and children- by the US Army. This led to the continuation of the Arapaho- Cheyenne War (1863-1865)

Battle of the Little Bighorn

1767 battle in the Montana territory in which Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his troops were massacred by the Lakota Sioux.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American cavalrymen who fought in the west against American Indians in 1870 and 1880.

Dawes Act

1887 it ended federal recognition of tribal sovereignty and divided American Indian land into a 160-acre parcel to be distributed to American Indian head of household. It reduced the amount of American-Indian-controlled land and undermined their social and cultural institutions.

Ghost Dance

Religious rituals performed by Paiute Indians. Wovoka believed that performing it would cause white people to disappear and allow American Indians to regain control of their land.

Wounded Knee Massacre

Committed by the US military in South Dakota on Dec 29, 1890. The Plains Indians said the "Ghost Dance would protect them from bullets."

William Tecumseh Sherman

The Commander of military forces against the American Indians ordered the army to wage a war of annihilation "against all hostile Indians till they are obliterated or begged for mercy"

Sitting Bull

Leader of the Sioux Warriors who destroyed General George Armstrong Custer's forces at the famous battle of Little Bighorn.

Chief Joseph

Led a small group of Nez Percé opposed to a treaty that placed the tribe in a resolution carved out of western Oklahoma. Directed them in a march 1,400 miles long as federal troops pursued them.

Geronimo

Along with Sitting Bull, he participated in pagaentic and wild west shows but refused to disown his Indian heritage.

Homestead Act

1862 act that established procedures for distributing 160 acres of lots to western settlers, on condition that they develop and farm their land, as an incentive for western migration.

Mormons

Followers of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young who migrated to Utah to escape religious persecution; also known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Californios

Spanish and Mexican residents of California which made up their economic and political elite. Their position however deteriorated after the conclusion of the Mexican American War in 1848.

Chonese Exclusion Act

1882 act that banned Chinese immigration into the United States and prohibited those Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized American citizens.

New South

Term popularized in the 1800s by newspaper editor Henry Grady, a proponent of the modernization of the southern economy in order for "New South" to emerge.

Convict Lease

The system used by Southern government to furnish mainly African American prison labor to plantation owners and industrialists and to raise revenue for the states. In practice, it replaced slavery as the means of providing a forced labor supply.

Jim Crow

Late nineteenth-century statutes that established legally defined racial segregation in the South. It helped ensure the social and economic disfranchisement of southern black people.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the legality of Jim Crow legislation. The court ruled that as long as states provided "equal but separate" facilities for white and black people Jim Crow laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.