Dispositional (Adorno), resistance to social influence (locus of control and social support)

Adorno, Nazi’s, Hitler’s, obey, authority, Authoritarian Personality, high, obedience, psychological disorder

Dispositional explanation - the personality trait

? was interested in investigating why the ? so easily obeyed ? orders. He claimed a particular personality type is more likely to ? ?- he called this personality the ??. He claimed a ? level of ? is a ??

2000, middle, white, Americans, unconscious, racial groups, F scale, personality type, prejudiced beliefs, fascism, 9 dimensions, dimensions, obedient, highly, stereotypes, dogs, strong, powerful, traditional values, love of country, religion, family

Adorno’s procedure and results - authoritarian personality

Adorno and his researchers recruited ? (n.o) ?-class, ? (ethnicity) ? (country) and studied their ? attitudes towards other ??. They developed an ?? to measure the relationship between a person's ?? and ??. The letter stands for ‘?’. The questionnaire tested ?? of a person’s personality - these ? were supposed to test how ? a person would be.

Findings - those who scored ? on the questionnaire had common personality traits:

• Fixed and distinctive ? about other groups

• Believed society was going to the ‘?’

• Believe we need ? and ? leaders to promote ?? such as ???, ? and ?.

F, strong, intolerant, weak, status, strong positive, authoritarianism, prejudice, obedient, authority figures, submissiveness, respect

Adorno’s conclusions of the Authoritarian personality

Those who had scored highly on the ‘?’ scale identified with ‘?’ people and were generally ? of the ‘?’. They were very conscious of their own and others’ ?. Found a ?? correlation between ? and ?.

Adorno concluded that individuals with an Authoritarian Personality were more ? to ?? and showed an extreme ? and ?.

harsh, disciplinary, love, punishment, fear, excessively respectful, displace, hate, anger

Why do people develop an authoritarian personality?

When children have a ? and ? upbringing, with little ? and a lot of ?, this can cause two behaviours that contribute to the authoritarian personality.

• A ? of parents, which causes people to be ?? of authority figures.

• A ? of parents, which causes people to ? ? and ? onto others.

acquiescence bias, validity

when the participant’s answers may not have reflected their true opinion as they were bored and wanted to finish the questionnaire as quickly as possible, reduces ?

16 Nazi war criminals, highly, three, nine, Holocaust, conflicting evidence, external validity, obedient behaviour, low, reductionist, obedience, generalisable, target population, obedient behaviour, sample, 16 people, biased characteristics, can’t be applied, obedient behaviour, social desirability, Holocaust

A03 of Adorno’s authoritarian personality - weakness and c/a

A psychologist reported that ???? scored ? on ? of the F-scale dimensions, but not all ?.

This suggests that the theory can’t account for everyone’s behaviour during the ?, which means that this evidence has ?? against Adorno’s F scale. This means that Adorno’s research has low ?? as a result of a poor explanation to explain ?? in the real world. In addition, the ? score on the ‘F scale’ suggests that Adorno took a ? view by ignoring other factors that influence ?. Therefore, this evidence suggests that the theory is not ? to the ?? to explain ??.

Counter argument: However, this study had a limited ? due to only including ?? with extremely ??, so it is difficult to argue the authoritarian personality ??? to explain ?? at all. Additionally, there may have been a level of ?? within the study as the sample were soldiers who had participated in the ?.

comedy of methodological errors, direction, same place, same box, flaw in the method, quantitative data, narrow, simplistic, obedience, obedient, acquiescence bias, internal validity, true feelings, generalise, target population

A03 of Adorno’s authoritarian personality - weakness

A psychologist describes the F-Scale as a ‘????’- the scales responses are all going in the same ‘?’ (all the ‘agree’ responses are in the ?? on the questionnaire) therefore it is easy to show this personality type by simply going down the questionnaire and ticking the ??.

This is a weakness because the results have a ???? to explain obedience, This is because the questionnaires rely on ??, which takes a ?, ? view in something as complicated as ? and personality types that are more ?. In addition, ?? may have occurred, which means that Adorno’s methodology has low ?? as a result of the participant’s answers not reflecting their ??. Therefore, this means that there are less opportunities to ? the theory to the ??.

only, Holocaust, personality type, upbringing, personality traits, simplistic, individual factors, reductionist, situational, internal validity, generalise, target population

A03 of Adorno’s authoritarian personality - weakness

Adorno argues that this is the ? cause of obedience behaviour. He has been challenged on the likelihood that all who participated in the ? could have had the same ??/same ? to cause this to develop.

This shows that the theory can’t be applied to all, as it would be impossible to argue an entire population has the same ? and ??. This means that Adorno took a ? view by stating that all participants had the same personality type which ignores ??. Consequently, he took a ? approach as he ignored other factors (such as ? factors) that affect obedience. Therefore, Adorno’s authoritarian personality has low ??, meaning that there are less opportunities to ? the theory to the ??.

locus of control and social support

What are the two explanations that state why people resist social influence?

personal control, own behaviour, personality, high internal, high external, fate, luck, external factors, obey, go along with the crowd, merit, take control of a situation, own decisions, efforts, internal factors, obey, group norm, best interest, others’ opinions, leader

Locus of control - dispositional explanation

Locus of control refers to a person’s perception of ?? over their ??. It is a ? explanation of resistance to social influence. It is measured on a scale of ?? to ??.

A person with an external locus of control would believe that their life is determined by ?, ? and ??. They are likely to ? and just ?????. This is because they don’t feel their achievement is down to ? so they don’t need to ?????.

In contrast, someone with an internal locus of control believes their life is determined by their ??, ? and ??. They are less likely to ? if they feel the ?? is not in their ??. They don’t feel like they need to rely on ??. They are often the ? in a group situation.

conformity, obedience, reduce, along, different, non-conformist, lowered, conformity, 5, 33, obedience, 65, 10, disobedient confederate

Social support - situational explanation

If social support is offered in a situation then both ? and ? levels will often ? as you no longer feel ? and ?.

Application to existing research

• Social support in Asch’s study was shown as Asch found that the presence of another ?? confederate, ? overall ? on the ‘lines’ task (to just ?% instead of ??%). 

• Social support in Milgram’s study was shown as Milgram found that ? levels dropped from ??% to ??%  when the teacher was joined by another ??. 

Asch and Milgram

Which existing psychologist’s studies can be used to explain social support?

conformity, one dissenter, thick glasses, vision, judge the length of the line, research support, reliability, internal validity, strictly controlled laboratory conditions, please, screw u effect, extraneous variables, generalised, target population, conformity

A03 of resisting social influence (social support) - strength

Two psychologists found that ? decreased when there was ?? in an Asch-type study. More importantly, this occurred even when the dissenter wore ?? and said he had difficulty with his ? (so he clearly was in no position to ??????).

This is a strength of social support as the findings offer ??. This means that the theory has high ? as a result of consistent findings being found in research. In addition, there is high ?? as the results were found in an experiment with ????. This is because the ? and ??? will have been reduced alongside other ??. Therefore, this means that this theory can be ? to the ?? to explain ?.

somewhat exaggerated, familiar situations, previous experiences, conflicting evidence, reliability, research support, reductionist, previous experiences, internal validity, generalise, target population

A03 of resisting social influence (locus of control) - weakness

A psychologist pointed out that the role of LOC in resisting social influence may have been ??. It has very little influence over our behaviour in ?? where our ?? will always be more important. 

This is a weakness because this research has ?? against the locus of control. This means that the theory lacks ? as a result of a lack of ?? for the theory. In addition, it takes a ? approach because it does not consider the importance of ??. Therefore, the explanation lacks ??, which means that there are less opportunities to ? the theory to the ??.

60, 37, highest shock level, 23, research support, characteristics, resistance, reliability, consistent, not significant, weak, validity, temporal validity, modern society, generalise, target population

A03 of resisting social influence (locus of control) - strength and c/a

A psychologist in the 19??s repeated Milgram’s study and measured whether the participants had internal or external locus’ of control. He found that ??% of internals did not continue to the ??? whereas ??% of externals did not continue. 

This is a strength as the findings offer ?? for the ? of the different locus’ of control, stating the internals have more ?. This means that the locus’ of control has high ? as the findings are ? in different studies. 

Counter argument - However, the percentage difference is ??, therefore the evidence is ?, meaning that it lacks ?. In addition, the study has low ?? as the findings do not reflect ??. Therefore, this means that there are less opportunities to ? this theory to the ??.