BIOL 1040 Unit 3

Mycology

The study of fungi

Animals

A fungi more closely related to animals or plants

Mycelium

Filamentous network of compromised of individuals strands of hyphae

Chitin

What is the cell wall made of in fungi

Absorption

Products of digestion are taken up by cells

Decomposer

Break down organic matter to release nutrients

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant root

Ligin (in wood)

Recycles nutrients and stores carbon

Mutualistic symbiotic relationship

Both the animal and the fungi benefit from the relationship

Chytrids

Have flagellated spores and are common in soil and aquatic habitat

Mycosis

General term for disease caused by fungus

Zygomycetes

Mold

Mold

Rapidly growing fungi that reproduce asexually by producing spores

Yeast

Single-celled fungi

Penicillium

Diverse group with many uses

Antibiotics

Penicillium used to produce penicillin to treat bacterial infections

Lichen

Mutualistic relationship between fungi and a photosynthesizer

Cordyceps

Genus of parasitic sac fungi

Cordyceps Fungus

Insect mind control- compel insect to move to a spot that is best for spore dispersal

Transpiration

The loss of water from leaves by evaporation

Stomata

Regulation is achieved via the opening and closing of what (leaf pores)

Heterotrophs

Derive food from organic sources (don’t create their own)

Psilocybin

Active compound in a “magic” mushrooms

LSD

lysergic acid derived from ergot fungus

Lichen

Which are considered pioneers that create new habitats by converting rock to soil

Plant

Multicellular eukaryote autotroph (produces own food through photosynthesis) and has embryo that develops within protected environment of female parent

Bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

The formation of waterproof covering (cuticle) to prevent dehydration; and pores (stomata) to regulate water transport and gas exchange

Ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

The development of woody vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for support and transport of materials throughout larger plants

Gymnosperm, angiosperms

The formation of diploid embryos in the absence of swimming gametes and water, and within protective structures for embryos

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

The development of seeds for dispersal; seed dormancy for enduring harsh or unfavorable conditions

Angiosperms

The development of flowers and fruits to ain in embryo/seed protection and dispersal

Alternation of Generations

Life cycles in which there are distinct multicellular haploid and diploid life forms thta alternate from one generation to the next

Gametophyte

The haploid generation of the plant that produces haploid gametes via mitosis

Sporophyte

The diploid generation of the plant that results from the growth and development of the 2n zygote, and eventually produces haploid spores via meiosis that develop into gametophytes

Xylem

Transports water and minerals upwards in plant (one way flow)

Xylem

The “woody tissue” of higher plants

Xylem

Cellulose cell walls are reinforced with ligin

Phloem

“inner bark” of higher plants

Phloem

Transports organic molecules (e.g. sugars; two-way flow)

Sporophyte

Life cycle is dominated by what

Gametophyte

small, short-lived, inconspicuous

Sperm and eggs

Produced on the underside of gametophyte

Spores

produced on underside of sporophyte

Immature sporophyte

In ferns, an embryo is a(n)

Pollen

Male gametophytes enclosed in a case

Gymnosperm

Produce seeds, but not flowers or fruit

Conifers

Are the most abundant gymnosperm

Angiosperm

Flowering plants

Angiosperms

Can reproduce much more rapidly than gymnosperms (rapid seed development, fast germination, animal-assisted pollination)

Sepals

Protect flowers before they open

Petals

attract pollinators

Stamen

Male component

Anther and filament

Stamen includes

Anther

The male sporangium in which meiosis occurs to form the male gametophyte (i.e. the pollen grain) and mitosis forms gametes (sperm)

Filament

The stalk bearing the anther

Carpel

Female component

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

Carpel includes

Stigma

sticky and receptive portion of a carpel that traps pollen grain and promotes its gemination

Style

Connects the stigma with the ovary

Ovary

Area in which ovules (each containing an egg) develop; often develops into a fruit

Ovule

The female sporangium in which meiosis occurs to form the female gametophyte and mitosis forms gamete (egg cell) that is eventually fertilized to become the zygote or seed

Pollination

Occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma. A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule

Double fertilization

The tube carries two sperm. One fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, the other creates the endosperm (provides nutrition)

Style

What is the tube-shaped structure connecting the stigma to the ovary

Fruit

Ripened ovary of a pollinated flower

Ovary

1

Filament

2

Style

3

Stigma

4

Anther

5

Petal

6

Sepal

7

Gymnosperms

Which were the first to evolve trees

Giant Sequoia “General Sherman”

Largest tree by volume

Coast Redwood “Hyperion”

Tallest tree

Bristlecone Pine “Methuselah”

Oldest tree

Cotyledons

embryonic leaves

Dicot

Is a peanut seed a monocot or dicot

Dermal tissue system

Forms the plant’s outer protective covering (e.g. waxy cuticle)

Guards against damage, infection and water loss

Dermal tissue system

Vascular Tissue system

Thick-walled tissues that provide support and a long distance transport system between roots and shoots

Ground tissue system

Majority of plant tissue

Ground tissue system

Photosynthesis, storage, hormone production and support functions

Cuticle

Waxy covering that reduces water loss

Guard Cells

open and close stomata (pores) involved in gas exchange

Cork Cells

Outer layer of bark- protective

Xylem

Cells are dead, hollowed out, and hardened with lignin

Phloem

Transports sugars, hormones, etc. upwards and downwards throughout the plant

Living

Are phloem cells living or dead

Ground tissue system

Fills the space between dermal and vascular tissues

Taproot or fibrous roots, root hairs

Root system

Stems, leaves, flowers

Shoot system

Leaves

The primary sight of photosynthesis, the conversion of energy from the sun into food for the plant

Stems

provide structural support for the plant

Stems

Position leaves so that they can be exposed to sunlight for photosynthesis

Stems

Conduct food, water, and plant nutrients throughout the plant

Roots

Absorb water and minerals from the soil

Roots

Anchor the plant in place

Taproot

Dominant central root from which other roots sprout laterally

Meristems

Regions of cell division and differentiation (new growth)