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DNA

Genetic material for protein production in living organisms

Genes

Segments of DNA passed down to offspring, coding for proteins

Nucleotide

Monomer of DNA consisting of sugar, phosphate, and base

Purines

Adenine and Guanine, nitrogenous bases in DNA

Pyrimidines

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil (RNA only), nitrogenous bases in DNA

Phosphodiester linkage

Bond between 3' carbon of one sugar and 5' phosphate of adjacent sugar in DNA

Chargaff's Rule

A=T and G=C in DNA samples, complementary base pairing

Double helix

DNA structure formed by two intertwined strands with hydrogen bonds

Replication fork

Point where DNA helix is unwound for replication

DNA polymerase

Enzyme for DNA replication, works in 5' to 3' direction

Helicase

Enzyme that unzips DNA double helix during replication

Leading strand

DNA strand replicated continuously in 5' to 3' direction

Lagging strand

DNA strand replicated discontinuously in short fragments

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, carries out protein synthesis

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Copies gene from nucleus to cytoplasm for protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Forms ribosomes where proteins are constructed

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis

Transcription

Process of making mRNA by copying DNA segment

RNA polymerase

Enzyme synthesizing RNA from DNA template

Introns

Non-coding RNA sequences removed during RNA editing

Exons

Coding RNA sequences retained in final mRNA

Proteins

Major organic molecules in the body, essential for various functions

Amino Acids

Individual building blocks of proteins

Polymer

Structure made up of repeating units

Secondary Protein Structure

The way amino acids are arranged in a protein

Amino Acid

Basic unit of protein structure

Genetic Code

Language of mRNA determining amino acid sequence

Codon

Three-base sequence coding for an amino acid

mRNA

Messenger RNA carrying genetic information

Translation

Production of proteins from mRNA

Ribosomes

Structures where translation occurs

tRNA

Transfer RNA bringing amino acids to ribosomes

Mutation

Change in DNA structure affecting protein production

Point Mutation

Single base substitution causing genetic change

Frameshift Mutation

Addition or deletion of a base causing reading shift

Transposons

Mobile DNA sequences disrupting or activating genes

DNA Fingerprinting

Identifying individuals based on unique DNA sequences

Restriction Enzyme

Enzyme cutting DNA at specific sequences

Gel Electrophoresis

Separating DNA fragments by size using an electrical charge