APUSH Period 5

suffrage

right to vote

habeas corpus

A legal principle that protects individuals from unlawful detention, ensuring the right to be brought before a court. without it, you wouldnt know what you were being arrested for.

Wilmot Proviso

A legislative proposal suggesting that any territory acquired from Mexico should be free from slavery.

abolition

The movement to end slavery and the slave trade.

carpetbaggers

Northerners that moved to the south during reconstruction because they saw political and financial opportunities there

scalawags

Poor white Southerners who joined the Republican Party (party of the north)

causes of manifest destiny

1. needed more access to mineral and natural resources

2. people seeking economic and homesteading opportunities

3. Religious refuge

Consequences of manifest destiny

forced displacement and decimation of Native American populations, increased tensions over slavery as new territories were acquired, significant territorial expansion for the United States, and conflicts with Mexico over land, ultimately leading to the Mexican-War

Polk: Election of 1844

Democrat- ran on an annexation platform, Believed his victory was a mandate from the people to bring Oregon in Texas into the union, 54-40 or fight (proposed border between British and US in Oregon), Polk won this election

Clay: election of 1844

whig party, opposed to the annexation of Texas

The election of 1844: the major issue of Texas

Polk wanted to accept Texas as a US state

The election of 1844: the major issue of Oregon

polk wanted to establish a border on the 54-40 line of oregon to separate US from Britain

Causes of the Mexican American war

1. Mexico outlaws slavery

2. Texans revolt, claim independence

3. president tyler pushes through annexation

4. polk now president

what was the treaty that ended the Mexican American war?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: ended the Mexican American war, set Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, US paid Mexico $15 million for the new Mexican territories

what were the new territories gained after the Mexican American war?

Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada

what was the ostend manifesto?

Proposal to buy Cuba from Spain and turn it into a slave state for the US

What were the causes of the Civil War?

expansion of slavery, Dred, Scott, Missouri compromise, compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska, act, bleeding Kansas, abolition movement

Expansion of slavery & the missouri compromise

The question was, should slavery expand into the western territories? The Missouri compromise was made and stated that the west half of the United States would be split in two parts (36-30 line) where everything north of the line (except Missouri) would have no slavery and everything south of the line would make slavery legal, but this only worked up until Western expansion in California applied for statehood and was split in 2 parts by the line

Compromise of 1850

made a response to the dilemma between California and the Missouri compromise: California was admitted as a free state with new fugitive slave laws, and popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty

Residence vote to decide an issue

Harriet Tubman

A guide that helped slaves escape from the south on the paths of the underground railroad

Kansas- Nebraska act

A proposed bill that would split Nebraska (north) and Kansas (south) into two, get rid of the Missouri compromise, and establish popular sovereignty in territories

bleeding kansas

fail of popular sovereignty when supporters and opponents of slavery moved into kansas just so they could vote on the issue illegally (especially those from Missouri) Kansas becomes a free state after violence breaks out.

Dred Scott

1) slaves are property 2) African-Americans are not citizens and cannot sue 3) slaves are not free when a free territory 4) Missouri compromise is unconstitutional and illegal.

Union battle strategies

Anaconda plan: suffocate the south, Take control of the Mississippi river to cut the confederacy into two

Emancipation proclamation

Lincoln freed the slaves in the Confederate states only, did not free the slaves in the border states because he wanted to keep them because if Lincoln had abolished Slavery everywhere the border states might secede and the union would lose the war

Black codes

Southern response to the 13th amendment during reconstruction: Series of laws designed to limit rights and movements of African-Americans

freedmen’s bureau

Created to provide food, clothing, education, and other forms of aid to African-Americans and poor whites in the south

13th amendment

Abolished slavery

14th amendment

Defined citizenship: those born in or naturalized are citizens of the United States

15th amendment

Gave African-American men the right to vote

Civil rights act of 1866

North response to black codes passed by the south: African-Americans were to have the same rights freedoms and protections as other citizens

sharecropping

A new form of slavery, where landowners would divide their land and sign each head of household a few acres along with seeds and tools. Sharecroppers kept a small share of their crops and gave the rest to their land owner.

Convict leasing

African-Americans were being arrested on mass for minor or made up offenses: prisoners were releasing “convicts” to local plantations or factories

Peonage

many “Convicts” would be fined a sum of money they could not afford so business men would offer to pay this, and they would work without pay until the debt is paid off

Compromise of 1877

electoral college decided that if Hayes (R) became president, he would remove union troops from the south. this marked the end of reconstruction

changing role of African-Americans after the Civil War

most joined the Republican Party (lincoln’s party), began founding their own churches which became the center of the community, public schools, Could now hold political office

Arguments in support of slavery

economic necessity, the belief that African Americans were inherently inferior, and the idea that slavery provided a stable social order for the South

argument arguments against slavery

inherent immorality, the cruelty inflicted on enslaved people, and the threat it posed to the idea of American democracy and equality

internal slave trade

large-scale movement of enslaved people within the United States, primarily from the Upper South states like Virginia and Maryland to the Deep South states like Mississippi and Louisiana

Debate over expansion

Should slavery be allowed in these new territories that the US acquires?

Confederate Battle strategy

To outlast the north

Suspension of civil liberties

Abraham Lincoln reluctantly ordered General Winfield Scott to suspend habeas corpus

Changing role of women after Civil War

The Civil War provided opportunities for women to work outside of gender roles and the home but did not lead to lasting changes in the way American women were viewed and treated

Johnson VS radical Republicans

The feud between Johnson and the radical Republicans in which he would veto the bills that the congressman would send his way