integrated meal response quiz 2

first phase of integrated meal response

cephalic

second phase of integrated meal response

gastric

third phase one integrated meal response

intestinal

fourth phase of integrated meal response

colonic

cephalic contains

head and esophagus

chewing

mechanical digestion

chewing related to surface area

increases the surface area of the food molecules for the digestive enzymes to work

what stimulates saliva production

chewing and parasympathetic nervous system

saliva comes from

light bulb shaped exocrine glands in the mouth

saliva contents

water, ions (fluoride, bicarbonate, lysozyme)

fluoride

strengthens tooth enamel

bicarbonate

neutralize acids in the food that we eat

lysozyme

helps to break down the cell wall of bacteria

what begins the process of chemical digestion (carbohydrate digestion)

saliva

saliva digestive function

salivary amylase

salivary lipase

saliva function regarding food

helps lubricate our food to keep us from choking

what is break milk high in and decreases when we get older

salivary lipase

protective functions of saliva

lysozyme

flouride

bicarbonate

saliva secreted by

sublingual gland

parotid

submandibular glands

what allows food to move from your mouth into your stomach

peristalsis in esophagus

phase 1 of swallowing

tongue pushes bolus against soft palate and back of mouth, triggering swallowing reflex

phase 2 of swallowing

upper esophageal sphincter relaxes while epiglottis closes to keep swallowed material out of the the airways

phase 3 of swallowing

food moves downward into esophagus, propelled by peristaltic waves and aided by gravity

bolus

food mixed with saliva

what two spinchter muscles does the esophagus contain

upper esophageal sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

upper esophageal muscle made up of

skeletal muscle

when does the upper esophageal sphincter relax

once bolus of food goes to the back of the throat

what happens when upper esophageal sphincter is relaxed

allows food to enter esophagus

peristalsis of smooth muscle causes what

carries bolus down the esophagus

what causes lower esophageal sphincter to open

peristalsis of smooth muscle which carries bolus down the esophagus

what makes up the lower esophageal sphincter

smooth muscle

what does the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter allow for

food to enter the stomach

is the swallowing process voluntary on involuntary

involuntary (except relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter)

what helps with swallowing besides gravity

contraction of smooth muscle (phasic)

esophageal pressure reduced by

caffeine

alcohol

cigarettes

chocolate

bolus movement is due to

pressure changes

gastroesophageal reflux

opens LES (relaxed SM)

peristalsis creates high pressure behind or in front of esophagus

behind

peristalsis creates low pressure behind or in front of esophagus

in front

achalasia caused by

muscle contraction in the lower esophagus

achalasia creates what type of pressure

high pressure in the lower esophagus

why is high pressure in lower esophagus bad

makes it difficult to move the bolus into the stomach

opened LES mean relax or contracted SM

relaxed

closed LES mean relax or contracted SM

contracted

opened UES mean relax or contracted SM

relaxed

closed UES mean relax or contracted SM

contracted

achalasia creates what feeling

food feels stuck in throat or stuck in their esophagus

where are pressure gradients important

esophagus and stomach

what happens when LE pressure is higher than the pressure inside the stomach

LES opens to allow food to enter the stomach

what has to be closed in order to prevent the reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus

LES

what happens when we have failure of LES

can result of movement of some stomach contents back up into the esophagus, when stomach pressure is higher (GERD)

GERD caused by

changes in pressures specifically esophageal pressures

symptoms of GERD

lower esophagus can become irritated by stomach acid

indigestion

heartburn

what begins gastric phase

when higher pressures in LE than in stomach and food moves into stomach

gastric phase

events that take place inside of the stomach when food enters

inferior to the LES is the what

cardiac stomach

anatomical division

cardia

fundus

body

antrum

pyloric sphincter

pyloric sphcincter leads to

small intestine

functional division of stomach

proximal

distal

proximal region

region closest to the esophagus

proximal region includes

cardiac stomach

fundus

body

distal stomach

closest to the small intestine

distal stomach includes

antrum

pyloric sphincter

proximal stomach primary job

to serve as a food reservoir; temporarily store the contents of the meals that were just ingested

distal stomach primary job

region of pumping or grinding.

specialization of stomach

rugae

oblique layer

inside lining of stomach contains ridges called

rugae

function of rugae

increases surface area of the stomach and stretches as the stomach increases in volume

what happens when stomach is filled too much or stretches too much?

vomit reflex will be induced

what portion of stomach is important from a motility standpoint

distal region

what region of stomach is a lot more active because there is a lot of peristalsis

distal region

what muscle is present in the muscularis external layer

oblique layer

what helps with strong peristalsis in stomach

oblique layer

function of oblique layer

important for grinding and especially for mechanically digesting the food thats in the stomach in terms of secretions

LES and cardia luminal secretion

mucus & bicarbonate

LES and cardia motility

prevention of reflux

entry of food

regulation of belching

fundus and body luminal secretion

H+

intrinsic factor

mucus

bicarbonate

pepsinogens

lipase

fundus and body motility

reservoir

tonic force during emptying

antrum and pylorus lumina secretion

mucus and bicarbonate

antrum and pylorus motility

mixing

grinding

sieving

regulation of emptying

stomach creates a lot of acids through

parietal cells

stomach lumen has a pH of

two

stomach has specialization in order to

deal with stomach acid and prevent the tissues from the stomach from getting damaged

gastric pits

specialization of epithelial layer of the gastric mucosa

where are important secretory cells located

within pit of stomach

chief cells secrete

pepsinogen (pepsin precursor)

parietal cells secrete

HCL (catalyst, antimicrobial)

intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)

mucus cells secrete

mucus

G-cells secrete

gastrin

D-cells secrete

somatostatin

ECL cells secrete

histamine

what happens when stomach is bypassed

decrease amount of intrinsic factor that gets secreted and can’t absorb as much B12 from your diet leading to anemia

primary job of parietal cell

acid production

acid function

antimicrobial so helps to attack some bad parts that are ingested in food and is a catalyst for digestive enzymes

what happens when pepsinogen interacts with hydrochloric acid

pepsinogen becomes active and become pepsin

pepsidases function

break down proteins by cutting peptide bonds somewhere in the middle of the polypeptide chain

proton pump regulates

acid production