APUSH Unit 2

(K.C 2.1) What did Europeans develop?

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influences by different imperial goals, cultures and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

What was different between the Spanish, French, Dutch and British colonizers?

Spanish, French, Dutch and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

What institutions were introduced by the Spanish as a result of their efforts to extract wealth from the land?

The encomienda system, the casta system, forced assimilation of Native Americans by Catholic priests and Native American labor replacing African slavery.

What is the context for Europeans encounters in the Americas from 1607-1754?

Early Settlements:
Spanish and Portuguese settle in C and S America, while slowly moving to N. America.
Jamestown and Plymouth are the first two successful British colonies.
Tobacco, Rice and Timber become important staples in transatlantic trade.
Conflict over trade led to tension with GB and a more developed colonial identity.
Natives and Europeans clash over competition for resources.

Sources of Labor:
Many natives died from diseases or were able to escape due to social networks or knowing their geography.
Indentured servants became common— exchanged 7 years of service for passage from Europe to America but didn’t supply enough labor.
Europeans became involved in the African salve trade in the 1600s to mimic the Spanish.

What was the context behind why European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754?

Migration influenced by the environment in the 17th century.
Exploration was quickly followed by colonization by people looking to spread Christianity, escape persecution and to make money.

Why did the Spanish sought colonies in the Americas?

In order to extract wealth, and their primary means of doing so was agriculture and the mining of gold and silver.

How did the Spanish obtain wealth without getting their hands dirty?

They subjugated the Native population under the encomienda system. When that failed due to various reasons such as disease, they replaced that labor with forced labor from Africa.

How did the Spanish reshape society?

The Spanish introduced a caste system into the Americas that fundamentally reshaped the society into a series of hierarchical levels based on racial ancestry.

Through which system did the Spanish want to convert the Natives into Christianity?

The Mission System. Met with mixed results as some completely converted while others continued to follow their own cultures alongside. On the other hand, there were massive revolts like the Pueblo revolts.

When and by whom did the French finally establish their first permanent settlement in the Americas?

In 1608, Samuel De Champlain established the first permanent French settlement called Quebec.

What industries of trade were the French interested in?

They were especially interested in the fish and fur trade.

What was an example of French interactions between the Americas and them?

Since they were solely interested in trade and created settlements throughout, an example of this kind of relationship was the interaction between them and the Ojibwe Indians (what is today Canada). The Indians benefitted the French because they were skilled in preparing beaver pelts for market and the French benefitted the Indians because they introduced iron cookware, farming tools and manufactured cloth.

The Dutch claim a part and name it what and when?

In 1624, they called the colony New Amsterdam, which was mostly economic as it became a trading hub.

What was the British’s main motive?

Economic. As their economy had drastically changed from Columbian exchange, their wealth had also decreased from the costly acquisition of Ireland.

Why did the peasants in England suffer?

Their land was disappearing due to the Enclosure movement, which took land from everyone held in common and sold it to private parties.

Why were the Spanish different from the English in terms of colonizing the Americas?

The Spanish focused on subjugating the native populations while the English expelled them from the land.

What was the first N. American colony established by the British?

The first colony was Jamestown in 1607 and was funded by a new economic model of funding called a Joint-stock company.

What was happening to Jamestown before and what happened in 1612?

Jamestown faced significant hardships including starvation (killed a lot of the population from famine) and conflict with Native Americans. In 1612, John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation, which became the colony's profitable cash crop. Most of the labor was done by indentured servants.

What was a result of tobacco farming and what rebellion did it lead to?

The success of tobacco farming led to increased demand for labor and land, resulting in the reliance on slave labor and contributing to social tensions, alongside tensions for land. This culminated in Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, where settlers, led by Nathaniel Bacon (a fellow farmer), revolted against the Virginia colonial government.

New England Colonies

Settled by pilgrims in 1620. Paved the way for Puritan settlers (protestants who were unhappy with the theology and strictures of the church of England)

Why did the Puritans move to the Americas?

They mainly moved for economic reasons. As farmers, they had trouble making a living in Urban areas, even though they had complete religious freedom.

First Caribbean British permanent colonies

Established in the 1620s, colonies had been established in the British West Indies and the Southern atlantic coast like Saint Christopher, Barbados and Nevis.
Tobacco became the primary cash crop but by the 1630s, the most profitable crop was sugarcane.
→ This created a higher demand for labor which increased demand for African enslaved people and by 1660, majority of the population in Barbados was black.

What and where was the House of Burgesses?

In Virginia, this was a representative assembly established in 1619, which could levy taxes on the population and pass laws.

What and where was the Mayflower Compact?

In New England, the pilgrims signed and passed this to organize themselves into a self-governing church congregation.