Micro Lab 7 Questions

Normal microbiota colonize our skin, and areas of the digestive, genital, urinary, and respiratory systems. If disruption in the balance of normal microbiota occurs, opportunistic pathogens can cause illness. ______ is defined as a disruption of normal microbiota balance.

Normal microbiota colonize our skin, and areas of the digestive, genital, urinary, and respiratory systems. If disruption in the balance of normal microbiota occurs, opportunistic pathogens can cause illness. ______ is defined as a disruption of normal microbiota balance.

dysbiosis

Clostridiodes difficile causes severe diarrhea. Many times, proliferation of this microbe in the gut is associated with the overuse of ________.

antibiotics

New and reemerging diseases are being identified by physicians. Which of the following is not a factor that can lead to new and reemerging diseases?

all the answers can lead to new and reemerging diseases

The virulence of a toxin is measured by _______.

LD50

When toxins enter the host's bloodstream, the resulting condition is called ______.

toxemia

Toxigenic gram-negative bacteria can produce _______.

endotoxins and exotoxins

Toxigenic gram-positive bacteria can produce ______.

exotoxins only

Superantigens made by certain Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species can cause ______ syndrome.

toxic shock

AB toxins belong to which family of exotoxins?

Type III

Superantigens belong to which family of exotoxins?

Type I

Which part of LPS acts as an endotoxin?

Lipid A

Which of the following is NOT a way that pathogens can hide from host immune defenses?

all answers describe ways that pathogens hide from the host immune defenses

Which route of entry occurs when microbes enter the body through bites, cuts, injections, or surgical incision?

parenteral route

Which of the following is NOT a way that pathogens cause host immunosuppression?

activation of memory cells

Pathogens can hide in host cells, so host immune defenses don't detect them. They remain undetected by remaining in a state of inactivity called ______.

dormancy (latency)

Which portal of exit uses pus to transmit pathogens?

skin

Sneezing, coughing, and mucus drainage are pathogen transmission source from which portal of exit?

respiratory mucosa

What is the portal of entry of the pathogen that causes gonorrhea?

urogenital

IV drug users can transmit HIV and Hepatitis C by sharing needles. What is the portal of exit route?

parenteral

Pathogens can use collagenases, neuraminidases, and coagulases to invade host tissue. These molecule are collectively known as ______.

invasins

There are a variety of ways that microbes evade host immune defense mechanisms. Antigenic ______ occurs when the pahtogen changes surface antigens to remain undetected by the host immune system.

variation

Antigenic drift occurs in microbes mainly due to _______ mutations that result in antigenic differences. These differences require the host immune system to generate a new immune response to the microbe.

point

There are a variety of ways that microbes evade host immune defense mechanisms. A mechanism called ______ occurs when an invading virus stops replicating until the immune response stops.

latency

Avoidance of killing is a mechanism that microbes employ to survive in a host cell. Which of the following ways can microbes avoid being killed inside of a host cell?

all of the answers are correct

________ cause(s) a massive immune response that can destroy immune cells by overstimulation.

superantigens