Medical Anatomy State Test

What cavity holds the liver?

abdominal cavity

Describe anatomy.

the study of structure

What is the name of the mechanism that works like a pendulum, it initiates an action to reverse or reduce the original stimulus?

negative feedback, homeostasis

What plane divides you into right and left halves?

sagittal plane (midsagittal)

Give some examples of positive feedback.

childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting

What are the levels of organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

What quadrant is the spleen found in?

LUQ

Why are homeostatic mechanisms said to work by negative feedback?

because most reverse the original stimulus

What anatomical plane cuts you into front and back halves?

frontal plane

What is an ion?

an atom that either gains or loses electrons

What are the four most abundant elements in the body?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What type of chemical bonds transfer electrons from one atom to another?

ionic

List the states of matter.

solid, liquid, gas

What is the pH scale?

the scale that tells how acidic or basic a solution is

What is the pH of blood?

7.35-7.45

What are organic compounds? Inorganic?

organic = usually contain carbon, are large, form covalent bonds, and are flammable inorganic= do not have carbon, are small, and usually form ionic bonds

Name the transportation process that uses energy to move ions against a concentration gradient.

active transport

What structure controls all cellular activities?

nucleus

Which organelle does protein synthesis?

ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum

What cellular structure is responsible for moving the entire cell?

flagellum

Name the membrane found in all movable joints?

synovial membrane

What are the four main types of tissue?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Name the outermost layer of skin.

epidermis

What organelle is the site of cell product storage?

vacuoles

What are the four main cell components?

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles

What type of cell division ends up with diploid cells?

mitosis

What type of gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream?

endocrine gland

What type of gland produces perspiration?

sudoriferous

What type of tissue binds things together?

connective tissue

What type of membrane is found lining body cavities without an opening to the outside?

serous membrane

Which organelle produces the enzyme responsible for phagocytic activity?

lysosomes

What is a synovial joint?

a joint with a synovial capsule and end of bones covered with articular cartilage

What type of joint are sutures of the skull?

fibrous joint

Which bone markings are only found on the femur?

trochanter

Name the shaft of a long bone.

diaphysis

What connects bone to bone?

ligaments

List two examples of fibrous joints.

sutures of skull, sockets of teeth, distal tibia/ fibula articulation

What cells break down existing bone matrix?

osteoclasts

Name the bone that does not articulate with any other bone.

hyoid

Name the theory that involves actin and myosin.

sliding filament theory

What type of muscle would you find intercalated disks and gap junctions in?

cardiac muscle

Which attachment is said to be most proximal and have the larger surface area?

origin

Name the condition that is characterized by chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues around joints.

fibromyalgia

Define synergist.

assits the agonist by providing additional force

Name the functions of the muscular system.

motion by levers, posture, regulate organ volume, thermogenesis, protection of internal organs

The thin filament in a muscle fiber is called __.

actin

What muscle group does knee extension?

quadriceps

Name the two parts of the diencephalons.

thalamus, hypothalamus

What does the brainstem regulate?

regulates vital, unconscious processes

Where do you find the vestibule, semicircular canal, and the cochlea?

inner ear

What does the temporal lobe do?

hearing and balance, interpretation of sensory experiences, memory of visual scenery and music

Name the parts of the brain stem.

pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata

What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system?

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

What part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

cerebellum

Name the part of the outer ear that directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane.

auricle or pinna

What is the pigmented part of the eye, and what does it do?

iris, controls the amount of light that goes into the eye

Name the lobes of the the cerebrum.

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Name the three stages of hemostasis?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

What system is responsible for changes during puberty?

endocrine

Name the triangular glands on each kidney.

adrenal

What causes acromegaly?

excessive HGH during adulthood

What is the thyroid hormone that helps influence metabolism and metabolic rate?

thyroxine

Name the condition that deals with hyposecretion of growth hormone.

dwarfism

Name the glands of the endocrine system.

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas

What is the master gland? Why?

pituitary, because it regulates the other glands

What is the name for the disease in which the body cannot regulate blood sugar?

diabetes mellitus

What disorder is known for infected swollen parotid glands?

mumps

What blood type has B antigens and A antibodies?

type B blood

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of what?

Leukocytes (WBC)

Which WBC does HIV infect?

T-cells

What element is described as an anucleated bioconcave disc?

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Name the formed elements found in blood.

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

What cells are responsible for synthesis of antibodies?

B-cells

What valve is found between the rt atrium and the rt ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

Which serous membrane surrounds the heart?

pericardium

Name the genetic condition where blood lacks clotting factor.

hemophilia

In what type of vessel does nutrient exchange take place?

capillaries

What is the cardiac cycle term for relaxation of the ventricles?

diastole

What type of artery carries deoxygenated blood?

pulmonary artery

What is the gas exchange called that happens between the capillaries and the body cells?

internal respiration

Name the respiratory pathway into the body.

nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and aveoli

What do you call the air that you breath in and out during normal breathing?

tidal volume

What disorder is characterized by the lungs filling up with pus or fluid?

pneumonia

What is the primary stimulus for breathing?

carbon dioxide

What structure forms the Adam's Apple?

thyroid cartilage

Where does gas exchange occur within the lungs?

alveoli

Name the parts of the small intestine.

deudenum, jejunum, and ileum

List in order the parts of the large intestine.

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

What does salivary amylace breakdown?

carbohydrates

What does bile do?

emulsifies fat

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system?

teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, spleen,

What does pepsin help chemically digest?

protein

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

Name the layers of a tooth.

enamel, dentin, and pulp

What is the outer layer of kidney called?

renal capsule

What processes are involved in urine formation.

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Name the parts of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Which kidney structure is responsible for filtration?

nephron

What urinary structure stores urine?

bladder