_pyc3701 assignments 2,3,4,5 copy

The process during which we interpret, analyse, remember, and use information about the social world is known as

Social cognition

One way to manage information overload is to make use of

mental shortcuts such as heuristics

Decisions made on the basis of the representativeness heuristic may be flawed because they tend to ignore information about

base rates

The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called \- - \- - -, and frequently makes use of

social perception; nonverbal communication

We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because be likes to flirt if we notice that other waiters avoid flirting with that customer. This best represents the concept of low

Consensus

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to recognize more of the situational determinants of behaviour than are members of individualistic cultures. As a result, members of collectivist societies are

somewhat less likely to make the fundamental attribution error

Socially introverted individuals who use Facebook or other online social programs tend to

benefit from receiving validation of a possible self and may improve social success offline

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the

focus is on a conscious decision-making process

George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the phone. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of

intragroup comparisons

Attitudes are

our evaluations of different aspects of the social world

According to the process of instrumental conditioning behaviour will be displayed often by an individual if

it is reinforced

An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs, people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease, and funerals, but does not include information about quitting smoking, is likely to be ineffective because it will probably

induce too much fear

Prejudice can be \- - \- - - or \- - \- - -

blatant; subtle

One result of tokenism is that it

can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenised individuals

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of

Social learning

The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships is known as the

Affiliation need

Regardless of the factors leading up to one liking or disliking another individual, those likes and dislikes are determined by one's immediate

Affective state

The finding that frequent contact with a mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in increasingly positive evaluations of that stimulus is known as

the repeated exposure effect

Sindi is beginning her first year of University. Since one of her goals is to meet people and make new friends in her class, Sindi would be well-advised to

sit between other students in his classes whenever possible

In Asch’s classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. \- - \- - - of the research participants agreed with a clearly incorrect answer at least once

More than 75 percent

One of the factors associated with compliance is friendship. This is because we are more

willing to comply with requests from friends or from those we like than with requests from strangers or people we dislike

Thato had missed the notes for several classes and asked Tshepo for the notes for one day. Tshepo gave the notes to Thato, who copied them and then asked Tshepo for a week's worth of notes. Because of the \- - \- - - Tshepo is highly likely to give Thato the notes

foot-in-the-door technique

Jabu has agreed to purchase a new car for R18 000, 00. However, just before he gets ready to sign the contract, the salesman tells Jabu that the sales manager will not approve the amount allowed for his trade-in, and that the contract will have to be higher, probably around R19 000,00 Jabu has just been the victim of

the low-ball technique

In one study participants were told about a person in need of help who was either a member of their group or another group. The more empathy participants felt increased the chances they would help this person. What is the other result of this study

Participants were more likely to help the person who was a member of their own group

After seeing a motion picture where the lead character is tragically killed, Zoe feels a deep amount of sorrow for him. This is an example of the

fantasy perspective

In one study on social behaviour, Zhong, Sohns, and Gino (20I0) found that participants in a dark room or wearing dark sunglasses were

more likely to exaggerate their scores because they felt relatively anonymous

One way in which the Internet has increased helping is by

connecting us with people all over the world who we can help via organisations like Kiva org

Some support for an evolutionary explanation for aggression comes from gender differences that show

men are more aggressive towards other men than towards women

According to the general aggression model, situational factors and personal factors can lead to aggressive behaviour because of their influence on \- - \- - -, \- - \- - - and \- - \- - -.

physiological arousal; affective states; cognitions

Sanely was driving home after a particularly difficult day at work when someone cut her off and almost caused her to wreck her car. Still shaken from her near miss, she arrived home to find that her spouse had not started dinner, as he promised to do. Zandvlei angrily accused him of being a lazy bum and started an argument with him. This situation can best be explained by

the excitation transfer theory

Hostile aggression occurs when

the primary goal is to inflict harm on the victim

According to Diener & Oishi (2005), among the very best predictors of level of happiness among the population is

degree of connectedness to others

Personal attributes such as \- - \- - - appear to play a role in acquiring higher status

height

One’s position or rank within a group is one’s

status

When we are striving to create social change, groups may provide us with

social clout

Mental frameworks for organising and processing social information are known as

Schemas

Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences are known as

Heuristics

Norman chronically buys things on eBay. He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint, a sales price, an agreement about delivery time, shipping costs, whatever. The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with

Uncertainty

The process we use to try and understand other people is known as

social perception

Erins boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can’t seem to sit still during the meal, and is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates

emotional arousal

According to Kelley’s theory, behaviours that arise because of an individuals traits, motives or intentions are \- - \- - - caused, while those behaviours that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are \- - \- - - caused.

internally; externally

As players on a social “stage”, we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called \- - \- - -.

Self promotion

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation

depletes our energy and provides us with limited ability to maintain self-control at a later time

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making \- - \- - - comparisons

Intergroup

Attitudes influence

social thought and behaviour

We hold values similar to, and identify with

members of our reference group(s)

Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of

selective avoidance

The usually negative affect (feelings) that people have about particular social groups is known as

prejudice

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by

blocking women's progress in the workplace

Jacob a summer camp counsellor who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context

The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups

According to balance theory, non-balance exists when

two people dislike one another

Angela and Becky are good friends. Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky. Given this information, if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting, Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky

by having a negative reaction to her

Research shows that attractive defendants are

less likely to be found guilty than unattractive defendants

The proportion of similarity is predictive of the degree of attraction between two people

regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss

In several variations on Asch’s classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, two of three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. The third accomplice sometimes chose a correct response and sometimes chose a more incorrect response. Under these conditions, respondents were more likely to choose the correct response. These results suggest

it becomes easier to resist conformity pressure once unanimity of the group is broken

Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behaviour when

we like and admire a particular group of persons

The empathic joy hypothesis suggests we

help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviours

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he’s going to donate R5 000, 00 and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than R5 000,00. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

Gillian and Evelyn go out to dinner and for no reason Evelyn decides to pay the full bill rather than split the bill. Gillian is likely to feel

indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness

A bystander may ultimately decide not to help when confronted with an emergency situation if the

bystander fears potential negative consequences of trying to help

Narcissism refers to holding

an inflated view of one’s own virtues or accomplishments

Research in which participants consumed alcohol or not found that later when playing a game in which the loser would experience a shock at a level set by the participant

both women and men set higher levels of shock for their opponents when they were drinking

The idea that providing angry persons with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will lead to a reduction in their tendencies to engage in more harmful kinds of aggression is the

catharsis hypothesis

Samantha is frustrated after waiting in a long line for an hour and ultimately shouts at the person in front of her. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, Samantha is showing aggression due to

the negative affect emanating from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her

Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by

having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed

According to Distraction-Conflict Theory, the presence of others produces increased arousal because

of our efforts to pay attention to both the audience and the task being performed

In collectivist cultures, people tend to work harder when in a group than they do when alone because

the collective good is more highly valued than individual accomplishment

Conflict is

a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will take actions that are incompatible with their own interests

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to experience information overload?

A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car

During final week of the examination, Jonah tells his friend that he will be able to write four exam papers over the next few days. Jonah is shocked and upset when he is barely able to complete two of these four papers. Jonah's behaviour is consistent with

the planning fallacy

The personal identity

conceptualises the self as a unique individual

The personal-social identity continuum recognises that we

can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances

When Karen was recently asked to describe herself to her classmates, she spoke about being a student and a member of her class. She pointed out similarities and differences between herself and her fellow students. Karen was primarily making \- - \- - - comparisons

Intragroup

Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if

he finds out that most of his co-workers share his attitude

Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as

Discrimination

Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would likely

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

The repeated exposure effect is LEAST likely to generate positive evaluations when the

stimulus initially generates strong negative affect

Why would participants in Langlois’ experiments rate the average of multiple faces as more attractive than the faces from which they were created?

The average face is perceived as closer to our schemas of women and men

When an auto dealer offers you an extra option as a “closer” for a deal, the dealer is using

the that’s not-all technique

All of the factors that bind group members together into a coherent social entity are collectively known as

cohesiveness

People who see others picking up litter in a parking lot are less likely to litter themselves. This observation can best be explained by

normative focus theory

What are the three distinct components of empathy

Emotional empathy, empathic accuracy, empathic concern

A common factor that increases the likelihood of helping behaviour irrespective of the bystander’s emotional state is a(n)

unambiguous need for help

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, “We'd better give her a hand.” The woman who initially helped the old man

acted as a prosocial model

According to the social learning perspective, people learn

which persons or groups are acceptable targets for aggression and what actions justify aggressive behaviour

Drive theories of aggression suggest that

external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that

frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive

A bully’s victim usually

has less power than the bullies

Entitativity refers to

the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity

Cohesiveness consists of all the

factors that cause group members to remain members of the group

According to Zajonc’s drive theory of social facilitation, an audience will

improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and interfere with the performance of less skillful individuals

Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because

they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

One of the primary reasons why heuristics are employed as a strategy to process incoming information is that they can be executed

rapidly

Judging individuals based on their similarity to typical members of a group is known as the

representativeness heuristic

Amanda has lost some money she needs for next semester's tuition. While betting on red, the roulette wheel has come up with five blacks in a row. To try to get her money back, Amanda is now doubling up her bet each time on red, believing that red will come up soon. She bases her belief on the (roughly) 50/50 odds of red and black occurring over a large number of spins of the wheel. Amanda's strategy appears to be

based on the representativeness heuristic

The frequency with which a given event or pattern occurs in the population is its

base rate

Sabiha is left-handed, and prefers left-handed men. She is going to be introduced to Wilbur. Lefthanders comprise about 10 percent of the population. She has been truthfully informed that Wilbur is either a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States. If Sabiha makes good use of base rates, which of the following outcomes should she expect?

Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S. who also happens to be lefthanded.

Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others; however, you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the \________ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a \________.

representativeness; nurse

Information overload results when

the demands on our cognitive system are greater than its capacity

Those things that are easier to recall tend to have a greater impact on subsequent judgments and decisions. This fact is known as \________.

the availability heuristic