History: Test Questions for Final

New Sweden

surrendered to New Netherlands.

Which of the following were founded for religious freedom?

Pennsylvania and Rhode Island

What was one way in which Pennsylvania differed from Virginia?

 Pennsylvania cultivated peace with the local Indians.

The Salem Witch Trials were primarily instigated by 

 Religious hysteria and style of governance

The map above would be most useful to historians analyzing the

Who wanted to make one of England’s Southern Colonies into a haven for English debtors?

 James Oglethorpe

New York became an English colony when

an English expedition forced the original settlers to surrender.

**The questions below refer to the following excerpt.**

“The Negroes are very numerous, some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts, to whom they bring great profit . . . though some masters, careless of their own interest or reputation, are too cruel and negligent. . . . Several of them are taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers, etc . . . yet they are by nature cut out for hard labour and fatigue, and will perform tolerably well . . . and those Negroes make the best servants, that have been slaves in their own country; for they that have been kings and great men are generally lazy, haughty, and obstinate; whereas the others are sharper, better humored, and more laborious . . . \[indentured\] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals of Negroes who are employed as slaves . . . with only this difference, that the Negroes eat wholesomer bread and better pork with more plenty and ease; and when they are sick, their owners interest and purse are deeply engaged in their recovery, who likewise are obligated to take all the care imaginable of their slaves for their own great profit; so that the Negroes, though they work moderately, yet can live plentifully, have no families to provide for, no danger of beggary, no care for the morrow.”

\
The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

The growth of an Atlantic economy with a shared labor market

In the 1600s, Virginia attracted many colonists because of

tobacco cultivation.

Georgia was initially founded as a haven for

english debtors

Which colonies raised the staple crop, tobacco?

Virginia and Maryland

**The questions below refer to the following excerpt.***Objection 5:* But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam? \n \n *Answer:* That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods. . . . Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives.

\
Winthrop was most likely motivated to write the excerpt as a result of

the need to justify the takeover of American Indian lands.

Which group immigrated to the colonies because of war, taxes, and religious persecution in their country?

quakers

Which region raised the majority of the staple, bread, crops in demand by Europeans?

the middle colonies

Early in the 1600s, African workers were

treated like indentured servants and freed after several years of service.

“\[February 8, 1709\] I rose at 5’o clock this morning and read a chapter in Hebrew and 200 verses in Homer’s Odyssey. I ate milk for breakfast. I said my prayers. Jenny and Eugene were whipped.. . . I read law in the morning and Italian in the afternoon. I ate tough chicken for dinner. . . . In the evening I walked about the plantation. I said my prayers, I had good thoughts, good health, and good humor on this day, thanks be to God Almighty.\[June 9, 1709\] . . . My Eugene ran away this morning for no reason but because he had not done anything yesterday. I sent my people after him but in vain. . . . I neglected to say my prayers, for which God forgive me. . . .\[February 27, 1711\] I rose at 6 o’clock and read two chapters in Hebrew and some Greek. . . . I danced my dance and then went to the brick house to see my people pile the planks and found them all idle for which I threatened them soundly but did not whip them. . . . In the evening my wife and little Jenny had a great quarrel in which my wife got the worst but at last by the help of the family Jenny was overcome and soundly whipped. At night I ate some bread and cheese. I said my prayers and had good health, good thoughts, and good humor, thank God Almighty.”

\
The events described in the excerpt best serve as evidence of which of the following developments in the early 1700s?

The colonial focus on producing commodities that were valued in Europe

“It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great oppressions that we groaned under . . . making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law; . . . although some could not advise to \[recommend\] the enterprise, yet \[all\] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition . . . may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation. . . . Our great remoteness from England denies us the opportunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, nor have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation. . . . We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England . . . and we are not without hopes but that we shall receive from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, with such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an encouragement to Their Majesties’ subjects here.”

\
Which of the following was most likely a significant cause of the sentiments depicted in the excerpt above?

Colonies that were accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

“Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province . . . professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province . . . nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent, so \[long\] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him. . . .” \n

Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644

\n \n The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

Greater religious independence in the colonies

In the mid-1700’s, slave labor in the Middle Colonies

existed but was not essential to the economy.

Religious toleration and economic opportunity in New Netherland attracted

a diverse group of colonists

“Not to look back further than the troubles that were between the Colony of New Plymouth and Philip, sachem \[tribal chief\] of Mount Hope, in the year 1671, it may be remembered that . . . \[he\] was the . . . offending party; and that Plymouth had just cause to take up arms against him; and it was then agreed that he should pay that colony a certain sum of money, in part of their damage and charge by him. . . . But sometime last winter the Governor of Plymouth was informed by Sassamon, a faithful Indian, that the said Philip was undoubtedly endeavoring to raise new troubles, and was endeavoring to engage all the sachems round about in a war against us. . . . About a week after John Sassamon had given his information, he was barbarously murdered by some Indians for his faithfulness to the interest of God and of the English. . . . Philip and his men continued constantly in arms, many strange Indians from several places flocked in to him . . . earnest for a war . . . given leave to kill Englishmen’s cattle and rob their houses . . . on 14th June our Council wrote an amicable friendly letter to Philip therein showing our dislike of his practices; and advising him . . . not to suffer himself . . . concerning us, who intended no wrong or hurt towards him . . . thus slow were we and unwilling to engage ourselves and our neighbors in a war; having many insolencies almost intolerable from them, of whose hands we had deserved better.” \n

Josiah Winslow and Thomas Hinckley, commissioners of the Plymouth Colony, 1675

\n \n Winslow and Hinckley’s account of colonial interactions with American Indians in the 1600s best serves as evidence of which of the following?

 Colonists made alliances both with and against American Indian groups.

In the mid-1700’s, what did New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South all have in common?

a reliance on an agricultural based economy

Science made little real progress in Europe in the Middle Ages because

scientific thought did not help a person get into Heaven.

"It is to be understood, that the people which now inhabit the regions of the coast of Guinea, and the middle parts of Africa, as Libya the inner, and Nubia, with diverse other great and large regions about the same, were in old time called Ethiopians and Nigritae, which we now call Moores, Moorens, or Negros, a people of beastly living, without a god, law, religion, or common wealth, and so scorched and vexed with the heat of the sun, that in many places they curse it when it rises. . . . There are also other people of Libya called Garamantes, whose women are common: for the contract on matrimony, neither have respect to chastity." \n \n Jon Lok, Second Voyage to Guinea, 1554 \n \n The attitude of Europeans toward West Coast Africans, as explained in the excerpt, most directly led to

the European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans.

Which group dominated the trade routes south and east of Africa in the 1400s?

the Portuguese

Christopher Columbus sought a route to China to

 to prove that sailing west was the fastest way.

Which of the following came from the idea of Predestination?

The Elect.

Which of the following European explorers was the first to complete an eastern all-sea route to Asia?

DaGama

What plant or animal changed the way the Indians of the Great Plains lived?

horses

Slavery in West Africa…

 was based on the amount of land in Africa versus the amount of people.

God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest... most obedient, most faithful to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve... as free from uproar, hate, and desire of revenge, as any in the world... \n \n The reason why the Christians have killed and destroyed such infinite numbers of souls, is solely because they have made gold their ultimate aim, seeking to load themselves with riches in the shortest time... namely by their insatiable avarice and ambition, the greatest, that could be had on the earth... \n \n In this way have they cared for their lives—and for their souls: and therefore, all the millions above mentioned have died without faith, and without sacraments. And it is a publically known truth, admitted, and confessed by all, even by the tyrants and homicides themselves, that the Indians throughout the Indies never did any harm to the Christians: they even esteemed them as coming from heaven, until they and their neighbors had suffered the same many evils, thefts, deaths, violence, and visitations at their hands. \n Bartolome de Las Casas, Short Report on the Destruction of the West Indies, 1552 \n \n The passage above was most supports the development of which of the following?

the spread of Christianity

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a

Which voyage was the first to circle the entire globe?

the voyage begun by Ferdinand Magellan

The source of all wealth and power in the Middle Ages

land

An important concept from the Magna Carta

the king is not above the law

The age of great change marked by renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman learning and the arts is called the

renaissance

The age of great change marked by renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman learning and the arts is called the

lords

Who is the least Catholic of the following

calvin

The questions below are based on the following engraving. \n \n Theodor de Bry, engraving of the Black Legend, 1598 \n \n (go to this link for the image) \n https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CodTdNXS83DyyrWyDTQT6TaE1sVeACuJEkSJg1NCbbA/edit \n \n The sentiments expressed in the picture above were most likely a critique of which of the following?

The subjugation of the American Indians by Spanish colonizers

Which European nation greatly expanded the slave trade in the 1400s and 1500s?

portugal

Native Americans believed that spirits

existed in everything in the natural world

The earlier years of the Middle Ages began with

the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Renaissance scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that they

tended to focus more on the world around them.

Which of the following gave the Spanish their greatest advantage over the Indians?

disease

Which of the following is not correct?

Gunpowder and the Black Death helped to strengthen the nobles of Europe.

What effect did Marco Polo's writings have on Europeans?

They became inspired to find a water route to Asia.

Which event led most directly to the Renaissance?

the crusades

Spain explored and established colonies in the Americas in part to

search for gold and other riches.

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty do?

 It gave East Florida to the United States.

“Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. . . . \[A\] government, intrusted with such ample powers . . . must also be instructed with ample means for their execution. . . . \n \n We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”

Chief Justice John Marshall, *McCullough v. Maryland,* 1819

\n \n Which of the following groups would most strongly have supported the arguments expressed in the excerpt?

Federalists in the 1790s

The expansion of transportation networks depicted in the map most directly resulted from which of the following technological innovation

The steam engine

“Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts.” \n

Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary, 1832

\n \n The sentiments expressed in the excerpt can best be understood as

“\[W\]e view with great concern, both nationally and individually, certain late attempts, on the part of various descriptions of domestic manufacturers, to induce your honorable body to increase the duties upon imports, already so high as to amount, upon many articles, nearly to a prohibition. . . . \n \n That, although these attempts are sustained under the plausible pretext of ‘promoting national industry,’ they are calculated (we will not say in *design*, but certainly in *effect*) to produce a tax highly impolitic in its nature, partial in its operation, and oppressive in its effects: a tax, in fact to be levied principally on the great body of agriculturists, who constitute a large majority of the whole American people, and who are the chief consumers of all foreign imports. . . . \n \n \[I\]t is the duty of every wise and just government to secure the consumers against both exorbitant profits and extravagant prices by leaving competition as free and open as possible.” \n

Virginia Agricultural Society, petition to the House of Representatives, 1820

\n \n The arguments expressed in the petition best reflect which of the following developments?

Debates over the federal government’s role in the economy

“SECTION 1 . . . If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States . . . , or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding . . . office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination . . . , he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years. . . . \n \n SECTION 2 . . . If any person shall write, print, utter or publish . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government . . . or to bring them . . . into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them . . . the hatred of the good people of the United States . . . , or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States . . . , then such person, being thereof convicted . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.” \n

The Sedition Act, 1798

\n \n The excerpt most clearly provides evidence for which of the following?

Highly partisan political debates of the 1790s

In 1800, Jefferson was elected president because he received crucial votes from

federalists

According to the passage, why does Tecumseh blame the United States for the “injury” and “mischief” committed by other Indians? \n “You try to force the red people to do some injury. It is you that is pushing them on to do mischief. You endeavor to make distinctions, you wish to prevent the Indians to do as we wish them: to unite and let them consider their land as the common property of the whole. . . . \n The reason I tell you this is you want by your distinctions of Indian tribes in allotting to each a particular track of land to make them to war with each other. You never see an Indian come and endeavour to make the white people do so. You are continually driving the red people when at last you will drive them into the great Lake where they can't eather stand or work.”

The Americans encouraged divisions among different Indian groups.

“The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little *political* connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. . . . The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people . . . is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence . . . your tranquility at home; your peace abroad. . . . I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations. . . . The Spirit of Party . . . is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge . . . is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism.” \n

George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

\n \n The excerpt most clearly provides evidence for which of the following continuities in U. S. history?

Debates over the proper role of political parties

In the early 1800s, new state constitutions expanded the electorate by giving the vote to

white men without property.

In order for the National Government to assume the debts of states, Southerners wanted

the national capital in the South

What was Jefferson's philosophy about the role of government?

Federal power should be limited.

The Whiskey Rebellion showed that the federal government had the power to

 enforce federal laws within states

As the Federalists lost power in the revolution of 1800

They decided to control  the judicial branch

“This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. . . . But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.”

Thomas Jefferson, letter to John Holmes, 1820

\n \n Jefferson’s letter was most likely written in response to

passage of the Missouri Compromise.

What ensured the 1828 election of John Adams after the near three-way tie in the electoral college?

Henry Clay, who came in fourth, asked his supporters to endorse Adams.

*The ribbon at top right reads “The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia’s Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band.”* \n \n The image best provides evidence for which of the following historical developments?

The beginnings of a shared sense of national identity

“That it be and hereby is recommended to the legislatures of the several states represented in this Convention, to adopt all such measures as may be necessary effectually to protect the citizens of said states from the operation and effects of all acts which have been or may be passed by the Congress of the United States, which shall contain provisions, subjecting the militia or other citizens to forcible drafts, conscriptions, or impressments, not authorized by the Constitution of the United States. . . . \n \n Resolved, That if the application of these states to the government of the United States, recommended in a foregoing resolution, should be unsuccessful and peace should not be concluded, and the defence of these states should be neglected, as it has been since the commencement of the war, it will, in the opinion of this convention, be expedient for the legislatures of the several states to appoint delegates to another convention, . . . with such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis so momentous may require.” \n

Report and Resolutions of the Hartford Convention, January 1815

\n \n Which of the following most directly resulted from the sentiments expressed the excerpt?

What happened when Jefferson refused to continue paying the Barbary States of North Africa for protection of American merchant ships?

Which two political opponents did Andrew Jackson accuse of creating a “corrupt bargain?”

Adams and Clay

The Monroe Doctrine

warned European powers not to interfere with the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Which group gained important political rights during the 1820s?

white men

The maps most clearly provide evidence for which of the following?

Regional basis of early American political parties

The crisis over the Missouri Compromise exposed the

growing sectionalism over the issue of slavery.

The Theory of Nullification was developed in response to the

the alien and sedition acts

We Owe Allegiance to No Crown - John Archibald Woodside (1781–1852) Oil on canvas, c. 1814, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

\n \n The painting best serves as evidence of

the emergence of a new national culture.

John Adams as president

wanted to be remembered for avoiding war

What two new parties were formed from the Democratic-Republicans when they broke up over the election of 1824?

Democrats and National Republicans

The main purpose of the Tariff of 1816 was to

encourage Americans to purchase from and support domestic manufacturers.

Jefferson supported political revolutions in America and France but not Haiti because the Haitian Revolution

challenged racial slavery and encouraged black freedom.

At the Hartford Convention of 1814, New England Federalists called for

secession of New England from the United States.

The power of judicial review, established by the Supreme Court by 1820, was significant to the development of the young nation because it

determined that the judiciary was as powerful as Congress or the president.

United States Roads and Canals, 1837 \n

Stacy/ Ellington, *Fabric of a Nation*, 1e © 2020 Bedford, Freeman & Worth

\n \n The expansion of transportation networks depicted in the map most closely linked the economies of which regions together?

The North and the Midwest

Which country’s support was absolutely necessary for the Monroe Doctrine?

Great Britain

In Alexander Hamilton's view, what was one role of the national government?

to support manufacturing and trade

*The ribbon at top right reads “The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia’s Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band.”* \n \n Which of the following groups would have most strongly supported the sentiments expressed in the image?

antifederalists

“\[T\]he Colonies, had all along neglected to cultivate a proper understanding with the Indians, and from a mistaken notion, have greatly dispised them, without considering, that it is in their power at pleasure to lay waste and destroy the Frontiers. . . . Without any exageration, I look upon the Northern Indians to be the most formidable of any uncivilized body of people in the World. Hunting and War are their sole occupations, and the one qualifies them for the other, they have few wants, and those are easily supplied, their properties of little value, consequently, expeditions against them however successful, cannot distress them, and they have courage sufficient for their manner of fighting, the nature and situation of their Countrys, require not more.” \n

William Johnson, a New Yorker, to the British Lords of Trade, 1763

\n “Great numbers more of your people came over the Great Mountains and settled throughout the country, and we are sorry to tell you, that several quarrels have happened between your people and ours, in which people have been killed on both sides, and that we now see the nations round us and your people ready to embroil in a quarrel. . . . We find your people are very fond of our rich land. We see them quarrelling every day about land and burning one another’s houses, so that we do not know how soon they may come over the river Ohio and drive us from our villages, nor do we see you, brothers, take any care to stop them.” \n

Gelelemend, a Delaware Indian, to the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 1771

\n \n Which of the following best represents a reaction by the British government to the sentiments expressed by Johnson?

Efforts to prevent colonists moving westward

By the Treaty of Paris, 1763 which received all the land west of the Mississippi River

spain

The men who staged the Boston Massacre

were members of the Sons of Liberty

The capture of which city was seen as key to British victory in the French and Indian War

Quebec

“WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty’s dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty’s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned.” \n

English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765

\n \n Which of the following best represents the reaction of American colonists to the legislation above?

Boycotts intended to secure their rights as Englishmen

Most Native American tribes sided with whom in the French and Indian War

french

“WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty’s dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty’s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned.” \n

English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765

\n \n Which of the following most directly influenced colonial reaction to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

enlightenment thinking

“\[T\]hese colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so *constitutionally checked* and *controlled*, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security. . . . In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of *one penny* upon us, they have a right to levy a *million* upon us: For where does that right stop? . . . to use the words of Mr. Locke, ‘What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?’ . . . We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves.”

John Dickinson, *Letter from a Farmer*, 1768

\n \n The excerpt was most likely written in response to

british efforts to tax the colonies

Which colony was placed under martial law in 1774?

massachusettes

The western boundary of New France was

the rocky mountains

Which describes Writs of Assistance the best?

they are open search warrants

Which of the following is the American colonies' response to the Intolerable Acts?

First Continental Congress

How did the colonists react to the British East India Company’s monopoly on trade?

Colonists opposed new British taxes by protesting violently and

 boycotting British goods.

“WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty’s dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty’s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned.” \n

English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765

\n \n Which of the following developments most directly contributed to passage of the Stamp Act?

Imperial struggles of the mid-eighteenth century

Martial Law is defined as

The military now becomes the government