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Explicit Memory

Uses conscious awareness. Processed by your hippocampus. Episodic. semantic, and prospective memories

Implicit Memory

No conscious awareness. Processed by your cerebellum. Procedural memories, classically conditioned responses.

Episodic Memory

Personal life experiences. Examples: First day of class, family vacation, exciting/embarrassing moments.

Semantic Memory

Factual/trivia-like. Examples: Things you learning in school.The name of your favorite books.

Prospective Memory

Future memories. Examples: Winter break begins December 19th. The AP exam is Tuesday, May 12. You’re meeting your friend for dinner tomorrow

Procedural Memory

Implicit memory. “How to” memories. How to button your pants, tie your shoes, write letters, drive a car, walk

Classically Conditioned Responses

Implicit memory. Excitement when you hear your favorite song, nervous when you have to talk to your boss.

Sensory Memory

Extremely brief memory of visual (iconic) or auditory (echoic) input. Highly accurate, but highly fragile.

Selective Attention

Brain’s ability to focus on relevant information while filtering out other information. Example: Cocktail Party Effect.

Iconic Memory

A split second perfect photo of a visual scene. Lasts only a brief moment (less than a second)

Echoic Memory

Other experiments demonstrate equally perfect split second memory for sounds. Say “what” when you think you don’t hear someone, able to respond before they repeat themselves

Short Term Memory

Your active/conscious thinking. Lasts as long as you attend to what is in your mind. Do nothing with it and it will fade in 10-30 sec.

Magical 7 ± 2

George Miller. You can only hold to 5 to 9 items in your STM without special tools/practice.

Long Term Memory

Permanent storage. Unlimited capacity. Once information reaches LTM we’ll may remember it for the rest of our life. Memory may fade or decay

Long-Term Potentiation

The increased firing of neurons as you learn something new. The newer a task, the more the neurons are making connections, the more rehearsed the task, the more your brain is just using the existing connections.

Deep Encoding

Connection/Example. You develop connections and relate to something already in your mind

Shallow Encoding

Superficial memory. You hear the words, but do little with it

Structural

Shallow. What the world looks like.

Phonemic

Shallow. Way the word sounds.S

Semantic

Deep. Meaning and use of the word.

Encoding

Process of getting memories stored from STM to LTM.

Method of Loci

Memory enhanced by visualization of a space

Mnemonic Devices

Word or phrase where each letter prompts memory

Chunking

Break material into smaller parts

Rehearsal

Repeating something over and over

Elaborative Rehearsal

Making connections by connecting to existing knowledge.

Hierarchies

Organizing words/ideas in increasingly specific ways

Categories

Organizing words/ideas into groups

Distributed Practice

Practicing in smaller amounts of time more frequently

Spacing Effect

What makes distributed practice work.

Massed Practice

Practicing a lot in a short period of time.

Memory Consolidation

Stabilizing new memories into LTM.

Serial Positioning Effect

The order in which information is presented will influence your ability to remember it.

Primacy Effect

We remember things at the beginning of a list/time better than other.

Recency Effect

We remember things at the end of a list/time better than other.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Helps commit information to long-term memory. Connects new knowledge to existing knowledge for better storage and retrieval. Examples including chunking, using rhymes and puns, and using mnemonics.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Helps commit information to short-term memory. Uses repetition without contextualization. Often leads to forgetting of information in a short period of time.

Memory Retention

Brain’s ability to store and retrieve information over time.

Autobiographical Memory

Personal collection of your life experiences.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories from before “something” (accident, TBI, stroke, etc)

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories (likely to damage of the hippocampus)

Source Amnesia

Having a memories, but not knowing its “source” or how you learned it

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall memories from infancy because your hippocampus is not fully developed

Encoding Failure

Improperly getting information into your long term memory. Could be from distraction, lack of attention, or any experience that prevents your conscious awareness.

Retrieval

getting info from Long term memory

Recall

pulling items from LTM with no prompting (short answer on a test).

Recognition

having options to retrieve LTM (MCQ on a test).

Retrieval Cues

stimulus that prompts memories (word, visual, smell, anything).

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

You know what you want to say, it is right there, but you can’t remember

Testing Effect/retrieval practice

enhanced memory recall when material is retrieved by you vs just told to you.

Context Dependent Memories

The environment/state of mind influences the memories we recall.

Semantic network theory

your memories are a messy, interconnected web. During a conversation, you make a number of left turns and in ten minutes have no idea how you got to where you are.

Flashbulb memories

vivid, long-lasting memory of how we heard of a significant event.Not any more accurate than other memories.

9/11; learning of COVID; January 6th

Mood congruent memory

the mood you are in can influence the memories you retrieve. Near graduation, you remember happy/fun memories with your friends; when in an argument you think of all the reasons they drive you crazy

State dependent memory

Your state of consciousness can influence the memories you retrieve. Every night when you’re drowsy, you have a specific memory; when under the influence of substances, you may have similar memories

Forgetting

Ways in which we lose memories from long term memory or do not properly encode them.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Mathematical rate of forgetting over time. We forget the most very quickly/immediately. Hold onto some information much longer.

Decay

Use it or lose it. Forgetting memories that are not recalled.

Relearning

Easier to relearn already learned information. If you take psych in college, content will come back faster than learning it the first time.

Interference

when new and old information conflict with the encoding of the other.

Proactive interference

older info interferes with new.

Retroactive interference

new info interferes with old.

Alzheimer’s Disease

a gradual, irreversible brain disorder. One hallmark symptom is memory loss. Associated with lack of Acetylcholine (ACh).

Repression

Unconscious blocking of memories. Believed to be a defense to “protect” conscious mind.

Constructive Memories

The brain’s forming of memories, not always truly representative of past experiences. Framing the context can influence how a memory is created.

Reconstructive memories

the modification of memories as a result of influential new information from inside of outside the mind When recalling a memory, your mood or others’ memories can alter your memory. COVID recollection; Inside Out, sadness touching a joyful memory.

Misinformation Effect

The impact of planting false information on the reconstruction of memory.

Imagination inflation

How simply imagining/picturing a scenario can create a false memory. I can picture where I put my keys or phone, but they’re never there.