Anthropology

European skulls

have round orbital openings, prominent nasal spine and straight prognathism.

Asian skulls

have rounded, circular orbital openings, somewhat prominent nasal spine and variable prognathism.

African skulls

have rectangular or square orbital openings, very small nasal spine and prognathic prognathism.

### best bone for determining difference

Pelvis is the best bone (differences due to adaptations to childbirth). Females have a wider subpubic angle. Females have a sciatic notch > 90° females have a broad pelvic inlet.

### Skull-, be able to describe differences in male vs. female skulls

* Crests and ridges more pronounced in males
* Chin significantly more square in males
* Mastoid process-wide and robust in males
* Forehead slopes more in males

Ages 0-5:

teeth are best – forensic odontology – Baby teeth are lost and adult teeth erupt in predictable patterns

Ages 6-25:

epiphyseal fusion – fusion of bone ends to bone shaft – epiphyseal fusion varies with sex and is typically complete by age 25

Ages 25-40:

very hard

Ages 40+

basically wear and tear on bones – periodontal disease, arthritis, breakdown of pelvis, etc.