Overview of Policing History and Practices

Justice of the Peace

Late 1100s England role, lost prominence over time.

Quaker Challenge

Major crime wave from 1656-1665 in colonial America.

Frankpledge System

Groups responsible for law enforcement since 1066.

Shires

Combined tithings, akin to modern counties.

Sheriff

Originated as 'shire reeve' in mid-1000s England.

Constable

Mid-1200s England role, declined due to salary issues.

Coroner

Elected position in late 12th century England.

Salem Witch Trials

Infamous crime wave occurring in 1692.

Sir Robert Peel's Reforms

Established London Metropolitan Police in 1829.

Peel's Principles of Policing

Emphasizes crime prevention and public cooperation.

Political Era

Policing era marked by corruption (1840s-1930s).

Reform Era

Focus on professionalization and crime fighting (1930s-1980s).

Community Era

Emphasizes community relations since 1980s.

NYC Full-Time Law Enforcement

Introduced in 1844, marked modern policing's start.

Southern Slave Patrols

Early law enforcement in American colonies.

Recruitment Challenges

Importance of qualified applicants in police recruitment.

Hiring Process

Includes exams, interviews, and background checks.

Academy Training

Classroom and practical exercises for recruits.

Field Training

On-the-job training with experienced officers.

In-Service Training

Continuous skill development for officers.

Patrol Officers

Maintain public order and provide emergency services.

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Increased patrols had minimal impact on crime rates.

Community Policing

Collaboration between police and community for safety.

Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)

Addresses root causes of recurring crime.

SARA Model

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment framework.

CPTED

Environmental design strategy to reduce crime.

Forensic Science

Crucial in solving crimes during investigations.

Preliminary Investigation

Initial phase of gathering evidence after a crime.

Continuing Investigation

Ongoing process of collecting evidence and information.

Crime Reconstruction

Recreating events to understand crime circumstances.

Case Preparation

Organizing evidence for prosecution or defense.

Criminal Profiling

Analyzing criminal behavior to identify characteristics.

CSI Effect

Public expectation influenced by crime scene shows.

Preserving Crime Scenes

Maintaining integrity of evidence at crime locations.

State Police

State-level law enforcement with limited jurisdiction.

State Bureaus of Investigation (SBI)

State equivalent of FBI, aiding local agencies.

Military Police

Law enforcement on military bases and federal land.

Tribal Police

Law enforcement on Native American reservations.

Civilian Police

Includes FBI, ATF, DEA, and U.S. Marshals.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Agency formed to combat terrorism vulnerabilities.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Government's legal arm overseeing federal agencies.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Exclusionary Rule

Bars illegally obtained evidence from trials.

Fifth Amendment

Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

Miranda Rights

Rights read to suspects before interrogation.

Sixth Amendment

Guarantees right to a fair trial and counsel.

Entrapment

Inducing someone to commit a crime they wouldn't.

Juvenile Rights

Focus on rehabilitation for juvenile offenders.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious biases affecting police decisions.

Bias-Based Policing

Unequal treatment based on personal characteristics.

Police Legitimacy

Community trust in police actions and authority.

Use of Force

Legitimate reasons include self-defense and authority.

Use-of-Force Continuums

Frameworks for assessing police use of force.

Police Shootings

Impact on community perception and relations.

Early Intervention System (EIS)

Tracks performance indicators to identify problem officers.

Police Corruption

Misconduct by officers, including internal and external.

Code of Silence

Barrier to reporting police misconduct.

Supervisor Liability

Supervisors accountable for employee misconduct.

McClelland v. Facteau

Key case regarding supervisor liability.

Brandon v.

Case impacting police accountability and liability.

Legitimate Use of Force

Includes self-defense, control, and police authority.

Use-of-Force Continuums

Frameworks assessing objective reasonableness in force application.

Dynamic Resistance Response Model (DRRM)

Model guiding police response based on resistance level.

Community Impact of Police Shootings

Effects on public perception and community relations.

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

Movement advocating against police violence towards minorities.

Blue Lives Matter

Movement supporting law enforcement and their rights.

Early Intervention System (EIS)

Database tracking performance to identify problematic officers.

Police Corruption Types

Includes external and internal forms of corruption.

Code of Silence

Barrier preventing officers from reporting misconduct.

Officers' Constitutional Rights

Rights similar to citizens, limited during investigations.

Supervisor Liability

Supervisors accountable for misconduct and lack of action.

McClelland v. Facteau

Key case regarding supervisor liability in police actions.

Brandon v. Allen

Case establishing supervisor responsibility for police conduct.

Official Policy or Custom

Liability for policies supporting excessive force or misconduct.

Challenges for Supervisors

Includes legal vulnerability and civil rights claims.

Less-Lethal Tools Liability

Improper use can cause injury or death.

Sexual Harassment Law

Prohibited under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Duty of Care

No obligation to protect the public without special relationship.

Training and Policies Importance

Essential for minimizing liability in police work.

Documentation and Reporting

Crucial for accountability and legal protection.

Failure to Protect

Neglecting to safeguard someone from known danger.

Vehicle Pursuits Policies

Supreme Court rulings on high-speed police chases.

Qualified Immunity

Protects police from lawsuits for reasonable mistakes.

State Police Responsibilities

Limited jurisdiction, focusing on criminal investigations.

State Bureaus of Investigation (SBI)

State-level agencies supporting local law enforcement.

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Includes FBI, ATF, DEA, and U.S. Marshals.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Created to enhance national security against terrorism.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Oversees federal law enforcement agencies and legal matters.

Unity of Command

Each officer reports to a single superior.

Span of Control

Number of subordinates a supervisor can manage.

Local Police Agencies

Includes city departments and sheriff's offices.

Long Beach Police Department (LBPD)

Local agency with specific policing structure and functions.

Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD)

Local agency with distinct roles in law enforcement.

Chief Executive Officers

Top officials overseeing police and sheriff departments.

Chiefs of Police

Leaders responsible for police department operations.

Sheriffs

Elected officials managing county law enforcement.

Mintzberg Management Roles

Framework categorizing managerial roles in organizations.

Middle Managers

Supervisors overseeing first-line managers and operations.

First-Line Supervisors

Directly manage police officers and daily activities.

Public Information Officers (PIOs)

Liaisons between police and media for information dissemination.