Global Challenges

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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90 Terms

1

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The later stage of HIV infection resulting in a weakened immune system susceptible to other infections.

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2

Afforestation

Growing trees to replace those cut down.

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3

Antibiotic

Medication curing bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria.

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4

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria's ability to resist antibiotics, providing evidence for evolution.

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5

Antibiotic Resistance Markers

Genes producing proteins enabling cells to resist antibiotics.

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6

Antigen

Protein on pathogen surface inducing an immune response.

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7

Antiseptic

Medication killing disease-causing microorganisms.

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8

Antiviral

Medication curing viral disease by killing infective viruses.

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9

Aseptic Techniques

Techniques to culture microorganisms under sterile conditions.

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10

Athlete’s Foot

Disease caused by fungus in animals, treated with antifungal creams.

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11

Autoclaving

Method to sterilize glassware and growth media in a heated container.

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12

Bacteria

Single-celled, prokaryotic pathogens (not all are pathogenic).

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13

Barley Powdery Mildew

Disease caused by fungus in plants, leading to white fluffy growth on leaves.

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14

Benign Tumour

Non-cancerous tumor that doesn't spread.

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15

Biodiversity

Variety of organisms in an ecosystem.

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16

Blood

Tissue containing red/white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.

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17

Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, a non-communicable disease.

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18

Capture-Recapture

Estimating population size by marking and recapturing organisms.

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19

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

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20

Carcinogens

Cancer-causing chemicals or agents.

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21

Cardiovascular Disease

Non-communicable disease affecting the heart or blood vessels.

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22

Cell Wall

Outer layer providing strength and support to plant cells.

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23

Cervical Cancer

Disease resulting from prolonged HPV infection.

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24

Cilia

Hair-like structures on cells beating to waft substances.

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25

Cirrhosis

Disease causing liver scarring due to excess alcohol consumption.

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26

Communicable Disease

Spreadable disease caused by pathogens.

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27

Conservation

Preservation and management of the environment.

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28

Coronary Heart Disease

Blockage of coronary arteries affecting oxygen supply to the heart.

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29

Crown Gall Disease

Disease in plants caused by Agrobacterium, leading to stem and root tumors.

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30

Cuticle

Waxy leaf layer acting as a barrier to pathogens.

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31

Disease

Illness affecting animal or plant health.

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32

Ecosystem

Community of organisms and non-living components in an area.

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33

Ecotourism

Tourism benefiting local conservation schemes.

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34

Fertiliser

Materials added to soil to provide nutrients for plant growth.

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35

Flaming

Sterilization method to prevent contamination.

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36

Fungi

Eukaryotic pathogens, single-celled or multicellular.

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37

Genetic Engineering

Modifying an organism's genome to introduce desirable traits.

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38

Genetic Modification

Altering an organism's genetic information.

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39

Genome

Organism's complete genetic material.

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40

Habitat

Living place for organisms including biotic and abiotic factors.

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41

Health

Well-being concerning physical and mental state.

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42

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone present in pregnant women's urine.

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43

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Communicable virus transmitted through bodily fluids.

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44

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Communicable viral disease transmitted through unprotected sex.

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45

Hydroponics

Growing plants in a medium other than soil with added nutrients.

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46

Immune System

Body's defense against foreign bodies.

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47

Immunosuppressant Drugs

Medication suppressing the immune system post-transplant.

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48

Ligase

Enzyme joining DNA pieces together.

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49

Lymphocyte

White blood cell protecting against disease.

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50

Malaria

Disease caused by a protist spread by mosquitoes.

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51

Malignant Tumour

Cancerous tumor spreading rapidly.

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52

Monoclonal Antibodies

Specific antibodies produced from a single clone of cells.

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53

Non-Communicable Disease

Not spreadable, caused by environmental factors or inheritance.

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54

Non-Specific Defence System

Defense system against various pathogens.

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55

Pathogen

Microorganism causing disease.

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56

Pesticide

Chemical controlling pests around crops.

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57

Placebo

Inactive drug with no effect on the recipient.

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58

Plasmid

Circular DNA loop used as a vector in genetic engineering.

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59

Platelets

Cell fragments aiding blood clotting.

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60

Pollution

Contamination of the environment due to human intervention.

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61

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Technique amplifying DNA fragments.

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62

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63

Photosynthesis

Process by which trees take in CO2 and produce oxygen using sunlight.

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64

Biodiversity

Variety of different species in an ecosystem.

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65

Conservation

Efforts to protect and preserve habitats and species.

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66

Deforestation

Clearing of trees from an area, leading to habitat destruction.

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67

Genetic Engineering

Modification of an organism's genome to introduce desirable traits.

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68

Communicable Diseases

Illnesses that can be spread between individuals, caused by pathogens.

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69

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a test to detect pathogens in plants.

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70

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Technique to amplify a small section of DNA for analysis.

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71

Observation in Plant Health

Involves assessing not only the appearance but also the tactile and olfactory aspects, e.g., stunted growth, presence of fungus.

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72

Non-Specific Defences

The immune system's general defense mechanisms to prevent pathogens from entering the body, including physical barriers like the skin and antimicrobial secretions.

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73

Specific Defences

Immune responses targeting specific pathogens, involving white blood cells producing antibodies and antitoxins to combat pathogens effectively.

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74

Monoclonal Antibodies

Identical antibodies produced from lymphocytes, used in various medical applications like pregnancy tests, cancer diagnosis, and treatment.

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75

Vaccines

Stimulate immunity against diseases by introducing a dead or weakened pathogen, aiding in preventing epidemics and providing immunity without causing illness.

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76

Antibiotics

Medicines that kill bacterial pathogens without harming body cells, contributing to the reduction of deaths from bacterial diseases.

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77

Antivirals

Medications used to stop viral replication, as viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.

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78

Antiseptics

Chemicals that kill foreign microorganisms, commonly used to sterilize wounds and prevent infections.

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79

Aseptic Techniques

Procedures to prevent contamination of pure cultures, crucial for testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and antibiotics.

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80

Lifestyle Factors and NCDs

Lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, and smoking can influence the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

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81

Coronary Artery Disease

A buildup of cholesterol in coronary arteries leading to fatty deposits, potentially causing a heart attack if untreated.

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82

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases

Factors like smoking, high blood pressure, high salt intake, and saturated fat consumption that increase the risk of heart diseases.

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83

Lifestyle Choices for CVD Prevention

Includes regular exercise, not smoking, weight loss, and reducing saturated fats in the diet to lower the risk of heart diseases.

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84

Statins

Drugs that lower blood cholesterol by reducing its production in the liver, prescribed for heart disease or high-risk individuals, with long-term use and potential side effects.

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85

Stents

Wire mesh tubes inserted into coronary arteries to keep them open for proper blood flow, typically made of metal alloys to prevent rejection.

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86

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth leading to tumours, which can be benign (grow slowly, don't spread) or malignant (grow quickly, spread to other parts).

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87

Risk Factors for Cancer

Include exposure to carcinogens, age-related mutations, genetic factors like BRCA1 gene, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and sun exposure.

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88

Stem Cells in Medicine

Versatile cells used to replace damaged cells, treat diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and leukaemia, with ethical concerns and potential for mutations.

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89

Gene Technology in Medicine

Involves genetic engineering for producing human insulin, treating inherited conditions by replacing faulty genes, and genetic testing for diseases like Huntington's.

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90

Human Genome Project

Project that enhanced understanding of human genes, disease prediction, and treatment effectiveness by targeting genomes.

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