Sue Chaplin
Gothic was not taken seriously because it was âperceived to be read by womenâ and therefore considered to be âinferior literary modeâ in comparison to the âhigher intellectual aspirations of the Romantic movementâ
Believes people grew tired of Radcliffean terror
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein, 1818
Horace Walpole
Castle of Otranto, 1764
Oscar Wilde
The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1890
Edgar Allen Poe
A Tell-Tale Heart, 1843
The Raven, 1845
Stevenson
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, 1886
John Polidori
The Vampyre: A Tale, 1819
Le Fanu
Camilla, 1872
Ann Radcliffe
Believed terror was more powerful than horror
Walter Scott
The reader âfeels trickedâ by Radcliffeâs insistence of rational explanation
Matthew Lewis
The Monk, 1796
Far more focused on horror than terror
Ray Cluley
Dracula is âthe ultimate patriarchal fantasyâ
Andrés Roméro Jódar
The characters in Dracula are constantly suffering from delusion
Shakespeare
Jonathan alludes to Hamlet, foreshadowing his own brain fever.
Lucy feels bad for âpoor Desdemonaâ, but Arthurâs actions of killing her draws a parallel between them. Arthur takes on the role of Othello.
Bradshawâs Guide
Railway timetables published annually between 1839 and 1861
Jean Martin Chacot
French Neurologist
Arminius Vambery
Hungarian historian
The Manchester Gazette on Dracula
âA touch of the mysterious, the terrible or the supernatural is infinitely more effective and credibleâ
Arthur Conan Doyle on Dracula
âit is the very best story of diablerie which I have read for many yearsâ
Robert McCrum
âresonates more than a century laterâ
Emily Carmichael
Lucy and Mina âexemplify the ideal of Victorian womanhoodâ. Lucy is the âemotional and domesticated view of womenâ, and Mina is âsensible and devoted to God and her husbandâ. Both ârepresent the merging phenomenon known as the âNew Womanâ.â
Joan Acocella
The epistolary genre allows for a âmultiplicity of voicesâ
âDraculaâ reflects the âreal-life sociopolitical horrorsâ the Victorians were facing
Romanticism and John Polidori inveted the suave, aristocratic vampire - such as in âThe Vampyre: A Taleâ (1819)
Pete Bunten
Castles reflect the âhypocrisy of the religious communityâ in âThe Monkâ (1796)
In âDraculaâ the safety of the castle is an allusion, itâs description provides an âeerie foreshadowingâ of whatâs to come.
In âThe Bloody Chamberâ and âDraculaâ the Damsel in Distress trope is reversed.
If locked doors reflect female sexual vulnerability then this applies to Jonathan Harker too.
In âThe Bloody Chamberâ the castle is an example of âirresistible masculine powerâ
Greg Buzwell
The emphasis placed on âpursuing new sensationsâ gave rise to the New Woman.
The New Woman was âa cultural phenomenonâ - in literature she would address concerns such as feminism, womenâs suffrage, pre-marital sex and pregnancy.
New Women were presented as a âsexual predator or as an over-sensitive intellectualâ
Lucy is a New Woman, she is a âvoluptuous, unnatural parodyâ and a âsexual decadentâ
Mina is far more traditional, perhaps Stokerâs preference for women during this period.
David Punter
Max Nordauâs âDegenerationâ gave rise to the fear of de-evolution.
Dracula is presented as âthe Anti-Christâ, the opposite of English protestant values, whoâs redemption is a âperverted, predatory form of the afterlifeâ.
Dracula represents the past, and is ultimately defeated by modernity.
Stokerâs epistolary format goes âagainst the oral culture of the vampireâ.
There also appears to be anti-individualism, the characters only defeat Dracula by working together.
The threat of returning to an earlier age is never fully eradicated.
Victoria Leslie
Sexual desire is a form of transgression in âDraculaâ
Female sexuality may have been more terrifying to a 19th century audience than vampires - Draculaâs brides are sexually liberated.
Dracula creates a sense of sexual desire in others.
Castles are a place of transgression and otherness.
Jonathanâs journal acts as a confession, and Mina acts as a Priest by reading it.
âThe Bloody Chamberâ is in reference to the motherâs womb and the maternal bond between mother and child.
Transgression leads to a metamorphosis through sexual awakening, from girlhood to womanhood.
Female curiosity in often punished.
Carter wants to change fairy stories in order to empower young women and girls.
Alice Reeve-Tucker on TLotHoL
The Countess is a sympathetic character whose condition has been forced upon her by her ancestors.
The Countess wishes to form connections with others but her animalistic, vampiric instincts prevent her from doing so.
The Countess and the caged lark reflect one another, she is entrapped in the castle and by her condition.
The expectation that men are sexually interested in her feeds her desire to live an âimitation of lifeâ.
The soldier views her with tenderness and pity, wanting to protect her rather than take advantage of her.
The young man shows maternal instincts towards her.
The Countess in death is free from the life she loathed and fully human.
It reinforces the limited options women have in Gothic literature.
The horror of the story is the knowledge that the soldier will be sent off the the front lines of the war and may not survive.
Jamieson Ridenhour
There was a âgeographical relocationâ to the Gothic, from the isolated, foreign castles in Walpole, Radcliffe and Lewis to the English countryside of the BrontĂ«âs in the early 19th century.
Similarly, the âurban-dwelling nineteenth century British readershipâ gave rise to Dickens and Reynold.
London as the largest and oldest urban space gave rise to plenty of obscurity.
Poor living conditions, due to pollution and lack of sanitation, led to disease and homelessness.
Crimes thrived out of necessity, such as theft, opium trafficking and fraud.
20,000 thieves and 80,000 prostitutes.
Even âcivilisedâ societies had an âuncivilisedâ side.
Of Wolves and Men BBC Documentary
Angela Carter was âthe baby of her familyâ and therfore treated like âa dollâ by her mother.
She married Paul Carter, she wanted to salvage this marriage but only built âa better and stronger cage for myselfâ.
The Magic Toyshop was written whilst she was married, Phillip supposedly represents an elevated version of Paul.
She worked as a hostess in Japan, viewing it as a place of âanarchy and desireâ in the 1970s.
âThe Sadeian Womanâ is nonfiction focused on De Sade about female sexuality and agency.
âThe Bloody Chamber Collectionâ is written in the voice of her grandmother
âA Night at the Circusâ
Edmund Burke
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
H.P Lovecraft
The Outsider (1926)