AP Biology - Unit 4 - The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle

series of events in which a cell grows, lives, and replicates

Differentiated Cells

Cells with jobs, specialized characteristics (ex. skin cells, heart cells, brain cells)

Stem Cells

found in bone marrow, immature cells, not yet differentiated

Cytokinesis

The physical process of cell division, cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells

Mitosis

Cell division, results in two identical daughter cells, 5 phases (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Interphase

most of the cells life

G1 (gap 1) Phase

Cell grows

S (synthesis) Phase

DNA and Centrisomes are replicated (interphase)

G2 (gap 2) Phase

Final phase

Apoptosis

cell suicide

Prophase

nuclear membrane disintegrates

Prometaphase

The second stage of mitosis

Metaphase

the doubled chromosomes

Anaphase

chromosomes split in half and move to opposite sides of the cell; the cell membrane begins to pinch at the center

Telophase

cell membrane finished constricting

Gene

Section of DNA

Histone

Protein that DNA is coiled around for packaging

Nucleosome

histone-DNA complex

Chromosome

Many nucleosomes wrapped together

Autosomes

Chromosomes 1-22 (human)

Sex Chromosomes

chromosome 23

Centromere

band that attaches the sister chromatids together

Kinetochore

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division

Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes

Haploid Cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes

Phosphorylation

the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

Cyclin Dependent Kinase

regulates the cell cycle by phosphorylating the proteins that trigger cell reproduction

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

Metastasis

the spread of cancer cells beyond their original part of the body

Contact Inhibition

the process that stops healthy cells from dividing when there is not an open space

Cancer Cells

Cells with mutations in the genes that control the cell cycle