Canadian History - Grade 10 exam review

Canada WW1 - 1980s

Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ)

A radical group of Quebec separatists founded in 1963.  They sought to use terrorism as a weapon to achieve independence.

Parti Quebecois

a group that wanted an independent Quebec, but were against terrorism and insisted on democratic and moderate means for achieving independence.

Sovereignty

The ability to “rule oneself”.  Réne Lévesque, the leader of the PQ proposed that Quebec become a sovereign nation.

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

examined relations between French and English Canadians. And considered Quebec's role in confederation. They recommended that Canada should be bilingual, meaning that everything should be French and English and that they should include more French. 

Official languages act

made French and English the official languages of Canada.

Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences

A study from 1949-1951 that investigated the status of Canadian culture.  It resulted in the Massey Report which said that no Canadian could earn a living in the Arts in Canada.  

Canada council for the arts

The Governor Generals Literary Awards were given to people by them and they fund public arts. 

Order of Canada

A special group/honour created in 1967 to recognized distinguished Canadians.  There are limited appointments each year, for each of its three levels of membership.

Hippies

rejected many of society's values, some tried living in communes and raising organic food. Some preached international peace and love, and many did drugs and dressed weirdly.

Beatlemania

The extreme love of the Beatles, it was a form of protest against the adult world. 

Baby boom

From 1946 to 1961, Canada’s population increased by 50%. This was due to the fact that men were coming back home from WWII.

Suburbs

A residential district of a city that is far from the center.

Global village

The world where the internet allows people to be connected and removes the long distance barrier. 

Regional disparity

The fact that some provinces do better than others economically.  The concept was first recognized in the post-WWII economic boom.

Equalization payments

A government program designed to mitigate the problem of regional disparity between the provinces.  Each province pays into a pot, which is then distributed to those in need.

Infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies).

St. Lawrence Seaway

was built in the 1950s by Canada and U.S.A, it is an in-land waterway that enables ocean ships to go to the western end of lake Superior. And harnessed the current of lake Superior for hydraulic power.

Trans-Canada Pipeline

would carry natural gas from Alberta to Ontario, Quebec, and the U.S. 

Welfare state

countries that after ww2 promised their citizens basic health care, and financial support for children, unemployed people, and elderly citizens. A third was also special services to disadvantaged people.

Universal plan

Means that a government service (here, healthcare) is available to everyone regardless of their status or ability to pay.

Canadian Labour Congress (CLC)

a labor organization that politically advocates for policies and programs that improve the lives of Canadian citizens.

New Democratic Party (NDP)

many thought the government was too much for “big business” and the new party stood for full employment, free education, Canadian control over the economy, and public ownership of natural resources.

Canadian bill of rights

1960 Act of Parliament which recognized certain rights in Canada, previously had been upheld by custom and tradition only.  Passed by the Diefenbaker Government.

Ontario human rights code (1962)

was made to eliminate discrimination in society by providing people with strong leadership and quality service.

Ontario Human Rights Commission's (OHRC) (1961)

its goal was to eliminate discrimination and bring equality. It provides a body that could investigate human rights cases, and inform people of their rights. 

National Indian Brotherhood

An organization that represents status and treaty indigenous groups in Canada

Native Council of Canada

An organization that represents Non-Status Indians and Métis in Canada

Women’s Liberation Movement (1960s)

wanted women to be treated equally in politics and have more options for their lifestyles. They had two groups mainstream and radical. Mainstream wanted to solve things with new laws, and radical did more extreme things. 

Trudeaumania

The extreme love of Pierre Trudeau when he was elected Prime Minister. When everyone went crazy about him.

October Crisis

Two Quebec government personnel were kidnapped by the FLQ and held for ransom. Later, Pierre Laporte (one of the politicians) was found dead. Pierre Trudeau instituted the War Measures Act to prevent FLQ actions.

War measures act

Gave the government sweeping powers to ensure “the security, defense, peace, order, and welfare of Canada.”

Quebec official languages act (bill 22)

introduced in 1974 it proclaimed French as the official language of the civil service in Quebec. Also made every immigrant child that did not speak English had to go to a French school. 

Bill 101

More severe French language law passed in 1977 by the Parti Quebecois.  French was only to be used in government and courts, and businesses could only have signs in French.

1980 Quebec referendum

The Parti Québécois wanted Quebec to be a sovereign nation.  They held a vote for all of Quebec. If the majority of Quebec wanted to become a sovereign nation they would leave Canada.

Sovereignty-Association

Quebec would be politically independent (sovereign), but closely associated with Canada in terms of economics.

Constitution Act 1982

It is the BNA Act with a different name that recognized Canada as a fully independent nation.

Charter of rights and freedoms

Document in Canada’s Constitution which guarantees democratic, civil, and legal rights of Canadians.  Passed by Pierre Elliot Trudeau in 1982.

Multiculturalism

Refers to a society in which many different cultural groups live together, but retain their distinctiveness.

Immigration act of 1978

The Trudeau government reformed the Immigration Act of 1967 to benefit Canada better, the country’s job needs, and to reconnect families.  

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)

It issued broadcasting licenses to Canadian-owned companies. The law required that 60 percent of primetime television be made in Canada. 

Heritage Foundation Canada

Its goal is to preserve and educate people about significant historic, architectural, natural, and scenic sites in Canada. 

Canada-Russia summit series

Canada and Russia played a game of hockey in Montreal. They were the top two teams at the time.

Economic nationalist

A person who believes that individual countries should have as much control over their own economies as possible.

Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).

Established in 1973 its job was to approve any foreign-owned business or branch plant, to ensure they were benefiting Canada. 

National Energy Program (NEP)

A 1980 government program to ensure Canadian control over energy (esp. oil) supplies.  Goal: 50% Canadian ownership in the oil & gas industry by 1990.

The government also froze the price of oil to ensure that gas would be affordable in Ontario and Quebec.

Great lakes water quality agreement

The United States and Canada made this agreement to aim to reduce phosphorus emissions in the great lakes.

Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1967)

In 1967, the Liberal government established the RCSW.  Members held meetings across the country on what they wanted to see change.

National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC)

It is a lobby group for women's rights, and served as an umbrella organization for other women's groups. They pressed the government to make the changes the RCSW suggests. 

Equal pay for work of equal value

Recommendation by the Royal Commission, to ensure that federal female employees received equal pay for equal work.

James Bay agreement

A government deal which permitted a Quebec hydroelectric plant to be built on aboriginal lands, in return for a significant payout.

Mackenzie valley pipeline inquiry

The Americans found oil in Alaska but they would have to build a pipeline that goes through Canada.

Moratorium

A “legal delay” which requires that an action be stopped until a court can look at it.

Greenpeace

A Canadian organization that became famous for its environmental activism.  Founded in Vancouver in 1970.

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

This organization was made to coordinate Canadian aid for foreign places. It supplies energy aid and disaster relief to other unfortunate countries. They also helped developing countries develop.

Sustainable development

To develop a country’s resources while making sure that the resources are still available for future generations. Ex. reforestation. 

La Francophonie

An international association of French-speaking countries.  Members help each other promote French, and in areas of sustainable development.

Alouette 1

The first satellite that Canada sent to space (1962), was designed to conduct research on the atmosphere.

Telecommunications

The electric transfer of information over long distances. Phones, TV, and radio are all examples of telecommunication.

Telestat Canada

Mission: to set up Canada’s own satellite communications system. 

A communications satellite can reach Canada’s more remote regions

Canadarm

Canada agreed to help the US in building a space shuttle. They created the Canadarm, which they sold four to NASA in later years.

Candu reactor

A Canadian-designed nuclear reactor is considered by many to be one of the finest designs ever built.  It could be refueled while still operating

Microcomputer

A small, complete computer made possible by the invention of a microchip. 

Telidon system

A combination of television, computer, and telephone systems. It allowed subscribers to access information from centralized databanks.

Gouzenko affair

Igor Gouzenko was a clerk in Ottawa’s Soviet Embassy.  He defected, bringing 109 top-secret documents.  He wasn’t believed at first, but ultimately given protection

Cold war

A war that is fought not by military action, but through alternative means; espionage, propaganda, political pressure, proxy wars.

The universal declaration of human rights

Gave human rights, freedom from fear, protection by law, freedom of speech, friendly relations between nations, equal rights for men and women, and informed everyone what their rights are.

Iron curtain

Term referring to the metaphorical ‘wall’ that crossed central Europe, separating the Democratic/Capitalist West and Communist East

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The NATO alliance committed its members to collective security. All members promised to defend each other in the event of an attack. 

DEW line

A radar line built by the U.S. and Canada to detect air invasions, made along the Canadian Arctic coastline.

North American Air Defence Command (NORAD)

A defense cooperation between Canada and the United States to warn them of incoming Soviet nuclear bombs.

Korean war

It was the first test of the UN when Soviet North Korea invaded American South Korea.

United Nations emergency force

An international police force governed by the UN and drawn from middle powers.  Its purpose is to keep peace between rival armies until a settlement is decided.

Marshall plan

This was partly a response to the Cold War and fear of communist expansion. The US lent 13-17 billion dollars to European countries to help recover from WWII.

Colombo

A 1950 plan that would give technical and financial support to countries in Asia.  The goal was to build up these countries, so they would not fall under Communist rule.

Generalized Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)

A specialized agency in the UN to reduce tariffs and stimulate world trade. A country in the agreement had to treat everyone else in the agreement the same.

Auto pact (1965)

It allowed free trade in automobiles between Canada and the U.S. Canada hoped this would push the U.S. to expand their production in Canada.

Expo ´67

In Montreal, Canada hosted the world fair. All the rulers of 62 nation came there. Around 50 million people came.

Point system (immigration)

People who wanted to come into Canada had to have 50 points to get in. These points were earned based on age, education, occupational demands, and knowledge of French or English.

Separatism

The desire of a province to break away from the Canadian Union.  In the 1960s, was popular in Quebec

Alliance Quebec

Group formed by English-speaking Quebecers and members of immigrant communities who were outraged by Bill 101.

Committee for an Independant Canada

A petition that demanded limits to foreign ownership of Canadian businesses.

Pollution Probe

A group of students from the University of Toronto studied the quality or air and water in Canada.

Interactive broadcasting

When a satellite can send and receive different signals.

Inukshuk project

A radio broadcasting system that would serve the Inuit in the North (especially Quebec). Combines radio with satellite technology.

United Nations

Is a group of many countries aiming to stop future wars, encourage co-operation between nations, defend human rights, and improve the living conditions of people around the world.

Cuban Missile Crisis

When the USSR put missiles in Cuba which the U.S. took as a threat and then sent a blockade which the USSR saw as a threat. It almost ended the cold war, but they eventually agreed.

Quiet Revolution

A period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change, which started in Quebec after the election of 1960.

Counterculture

The young people rejected the older generations’ culture and made their culture completely different.

Multilateral

Meaning that something involves more than one or two nations.

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

A series of laws passed by the Nazi party to establish rules for maintaining the “Aryan race”. For example: if you have one Jewish grandparent, you may not marry a German.

Manhattan Project

A research and development project lead by the US with the Allies’ help, produced the first nuclear weapons.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Made it easier for Britain to buy American military supplies while America was still neutral. It allowed the US to increase wartime production and give them to any country. It also allowed Britain to postpone payment.

Internment Camp

A prison camp for the confinement of enemy aliens, prisoners of war, political prisoners, etc.

Middle Power

A country that is neither poor nor a Superpower (armed with nuclear weapons); but significant internationally.

Isolationist

An attitude where a country (or its citizens) do not wish to get involved in international affairs and foreign conflict.

Commonwealth of Nations

Commonwealth nations were equal in status and united by their common allegiance to the British monarch. The commonwealth would be a voluntary family of nations from around the world.

Statute of Westminster

On December 11, 1931, the statute made recommendations of the Balfour Report law. Canada was made completely self-governing, bound by no laws other than its own. Britain could no longer make any laws for Canada.

Flapper

A young person who dressed outrageously.

Social Credit

A new regional Party in Alberta in 1935. In part, it was religious protest - the west against central Canada. Gave $25 per month to every adult in Alberta. It went to B.C. and eventually became a federal party.

Imperialism

A policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland and building an empire.