EMI Summative

How does providing med vs no med information to patients reduce bias?

Helps ensure participants are fully informed, the study is ethically conducted and reduces selection bias.

Facial
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve VII
mixed
taste, facial expression, secretion
originates from pons (pontomedullary junction)

Glossopharyngeal
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve IX
mixed
taste, bloop pressure & gases, swallowing & secretion for salivary glands
originates from medulla oblongata

Hypoglossal
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve XII
motor
movement of tongue
originates from medulla oblongata

Abducens
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve VI
motor
eye movement (LR)
originates from pons (pontomedullary junction)

MOM: Protrusion

lateral pterygoid
assisted by medial pterygoid

MOM: Retraction

posterior (oblique fibres) of temporalis
deep part of masseter
geniohyoid
digastric

Immunoglobulin that functions as a membrane receptor on B cells, assisting in B cell activation. Plays a role in the regulation of B cell differentiation.

IgD

Provides systemic immune defence and enhances phagocytosis by opsonization. It also activates the complement system as well as crosses the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.

IgG

Immunoglobulin found in blood and lymph, the first antibody produced during the primary immune response. Efficient at agglutination and activates the complement system.

IgM

Muscle of facial expression where the major aspect elevates and everts the angle of the mouth, and the minor elevates the upper lip.

Zyogmaticus

Muscle of facial expression which extends the angle of the mouth laterally,

Risorius

Muscle of facial expression which elevates the upper lip, exposing the maxillary teeth.

Levator labii superioris

Muscle of facial expression which elevates the superior eyelid innervated by CN III.

Levator palpebrae superioris

Muscle of facial expression which depresses the angle of the mouth.

Depressor anguli oris

Muscle of facial expression which has an alar part which depresses the alar laterally, dilating the nostril; and a transverse part wrinkling the skin of the dorsum.

Nasalis

Muscle of facial expression which wrinkles the skin of the glabella and depresses the medial eyebrow.

Procerus

Muscle of facial expression which elevates the angle of the mouth, and contributes to smiling.

Levator anguli oris

Muscle of facial expression which compresses the cheek against the teeth, playing an accessory masticatory role.

Buccinator

Muscle of facial expression which depresses the lower lip inferolaterally, innervated by the facial and maxillary arteries.

Depressor labii inferioris

In the blood coagulation cascade, what affects factors 2,7,9 and 10?

Vitamin K

What does Warfarin affect?

Vitamin K

Haemophilia B is affected by?

FIX (F9)

What is the artificial factor made to stop haemophilia B?

Nonacog alfa (BeneFIX)

Which antibiotic causes red urine?

Rivampicin

Which antibiotic causes staining in children?

Tetracycline

Which antibiotic causes vertigo?

Chloramphenicol

Average annual radiation dose in the UK?

2.5mSv

Annual radiation dose limit for the whole body for an adult in work?

20mSv

Innervation of the cardiac plexus?

Sympathetic: from the sympathetic trunk (T1-T4)
Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (CNX) via the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Which antidote is given to someone taking heroin?

Naxolone

Pt has pain on LL6 and is taking meds for peptic ulcers, what is the most appropriate pain killer?

Paracetamol (NSAIDs have interactions)

TMJ

CT scan of head

What is DNA splicing?

cutting of introns and linking of exons via DNA ligase to produce mature mRNA

What is the function of miRNA?

small, non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression. Specifically, binds to mRNA leading to the degradation of the mRNA or the inhibition of its translation into protein

What is the function of mRNA?

Conveys genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis via transcription, genetic code transmission, translation and protein synthesis.

How does double-blind reduce bias?

Researchers and participants don't know so neither group is treated differently and expectations don't influence results

How does randomisation reduce bias?

Randomly assigned to groups to reduce the likelihood of systemic differences between groups by distributing potentially confounding factors equally between groups.

How does random selection reduce bias?

In epidemiological studies ensures the sample is representative of the population and enhances generalisability of the study.

How does p-value reduce bias?

Statistical measure that indicates the probability of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true so results are less likely to be due to chance and strengthens the evidence against the null hypothesis.

How does large sample size reduce bias?

increases the precision of estimates and enhances statistical power by reducing the impact of random variation, minimising the influence of outliers and improving generalisability.

What is the best way to reduce bias in a randomised control trial?

Randomisation

What is the best way to reduce bias in a cohort study?

prospective cohort study

What is the best way to reduce bias in a case-control study?

random selection

What is the best way to reduce bias in a cross-sectional study?

random sampling

What is the best way to reduce bias in a survey?

random sampling

What is given to all patients with suspected thromboembolism in hospital?

Heparin

What ME drug is given mucogingivally?

Nitroglycerin/GTN

What ME drug is given for tonic-clonic?

Midazolam

What ME drug is given if an asthma patient cannot breath?

Salbutamol

Optic
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve II
sensory
vision
originates from cerebrum

Oculomotor
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve III
motor
eye movement (MR, SR, IR, IO)
originates from midbrain

Trochlear
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve IV
motor
eye movement (SO)
originates from midbrain

Vagus
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve X
mixed
taste, sensory to abdominal & thoracic viscera, movement & secretion (pharynx & larynx too)
originates from medulla oblongata

Olfactory
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve I
sensory
smell
originates from cerebrum

Trigeminal
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve V
mixed
sensory to face, innervates MOM
originates from pons

Vestibulocochlear
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve VIII
sensory
hearing & balance
originates from pons (pontomedullary junction)

Accessory
- Nerve
- Sensory/motor/mixed
- Function
- Originates from?

cranial nerve XI
motor
movement of neck
originates from medulla oblongata

MOM: Elevators

TMM
temporalis
masster
medial pterygoid

MOM: Depressors

lateral pterygoid (gravity)
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid

Predominantly found in mucosal areas such as the respiratory and GI tracts, as well as in saliva and breast milk. This immunoglobulin is important for immune protection in the respiratory and digestive tracts - it prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelial cells.

IgA

Immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions and hypersensitivity responses. Triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens, and plays a role in defence against parasitic infections.

IgE

Muscle of facial expression which has a role in closing the eyelid gently as well as tightly.

Orbicularis oculi
orbital = tightly
palpebral = gently

Muscle of facial expression which plays a role in closing the mouth and protruding the lips.

Orbicularis oris

Muscle of facial expression which elevates, everts and protrudes the lower lip, wrinkling the skin over the chin.

Mentalis

Muscle of facial expression which depresses the mandible and angle of mouth, tenses the skin of lower neck (and face).

Platysma