11/19 Insect Predation & Parasitism

Define Parasite.

Lives off a single host without killing the host. Multiple attacks can be fatal to host.

Define Parasitoid.

Special kind of parasite that lives off a single host killing it.

Define Predator.

Kills more than one host.

Cattle warble is a _________ that lives under the skin of cattle.

parasite

Parasitic wasps are _______ that lay their eggs inside aphids.

parasitoids

Hymenoptera: Vespidae are ______ because they will sometimes kill honeybees.

predators

Water diving bugs are _______ because they wrap their legs around other insect and use there sucking mouthparts to eat the insect.

predators

What is the optimal foraging strategy formula?

Benefit/cost

What does benefit represent in the optimal foraging strategy formula?

Quality and quantity of resource

What does cost represent in the optimal foraging strategy formula?

The amount of time, exposure or/and risks involved

What are the 3 types of predator foraging strategy from least to most energy expense?

1. Sit and wait

2. Trap

3. Active Search

What are the 3 types of prey defense strategies from least to most time costs?

1. Fight

2. Run

3. Hide

Prey mantis, Dragonfly naiads and giant water bugs are examples of predators who employ the _____________ foraging strategy.

Sit and Wait

Neuroptera: Myrmeliontidae and caddisfly are examples of predators who employ the _____________ foraging strategy.

Trap

Lacewing larvae, Ladybird beetles, and Syrphid fly are predators who employ the _____________ foraging strategy.

active search

What are the four things potential active searching predators might use to directional foraging?

1. Sight

2. Chemicals

3. Light

4. Sounds

What adaptation do prey mantis have to help them catch their prey?

Spines on their femur and tibia that impale prey when pulled together.

What adaptation do dragonfly nymphs have to help them catch their prey?

Extendable appendage in the mouthparts that have hooks to grab prey.

What adaptation do parasitic wasps have to lay eggs inside aphids?

They have specialized ovipositors that function like a hypodermic needle to help pierce the aphids.

What adaptation do western giant ichneumonid wasps have to complete there parasitsm duty?

Females have long needle-like ovipositors that are mistaken for flexible stingers. This ovipositor doubles the length of the insect and is not a stinger. It is a thin tube that females inject into tree bark where they suspect Horntail larvae have been implanted.

What is monoxenous parasitism?

Single host

What is oligoxenous parasitism?

few hosts

What is polyxenous parasitism?

many hosts

What is polyembryony parasitism?

Single egg that divides into multiple eggs to produce large numbers of offspring

What is Superparasitism?

multiple eggs from single/multiple individuals of single species.

What is Multiparasitism?

eggs from more than 1 species.

What is Hyperparasitism?

parasitism of a parasite.

________ is when the host dies quickly and the parasitoid develops quickly.

Idiobiont

_________ is when the host dies slowly and continues to grow while the parasitoid develops slowly.

Koinobiont

_______ is a microorganism that lives and feeds (parasitically) on or in its host causing injury to it.

Pathogen

What is natural biological control?

Control that occurs without human intervention

What is applied biological control?

The manipulation of natural enemies by humans to control pests

What are the 2 types of applied biological control?

Classical Biological Control

Conservation of Natural Enemies