World History Revolutions Study Guide

A set of vocabulary flashcards to aid in studying key concepts and figures related to revolutions in world history.

Miguel Hidalgo

priest who issued the Grito de Dolores which called for a peasant rebellion in Mexico
- First of several leaders to lead the independence movement in Mexico

Saint-Domingue

Also known as Haiti was the site of the French island that rebelled against France. Occupied the
western 3rd of the island of Hispaniola

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Was the leader of the revolt in Saint-Domingue and helped end slavery there on the island of Hispaniola

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Latin America.

Mulattos

People of mixed European and African ancestry in Latin America.

Peninsulares

People at the top of Spanish American society, Latin Americans born in Spain.

Creoles

term used in Latin America to describe Spaniards born in Latin America.
- This social group helped spearhead the independence movement in Latin America

Simon Bolivar

He led his forces against the Spanish army in the Battle of Ayacucho which was the last battle in the Spanish colonies’ war for independence. Known as the “Libertador”

Jose de San Martin

He gave up command of his army once he won independence for Argentina and Chile
- Liberated parts of Spanish speaking South America

Jose Maria Morelos

He was a priest who was a skillful military leader who led the revolution in Mexico for 4 years

Nationalism

key components of Nationalism would be a shared culture, One’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king, One’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people
- Was a force that tore apart centuries-old empires, gave rise to the nation-state and was opposed by
conservatives

Liberal

Middle-class merchants who sought political reform and were typically in opposition to conservative elites.

Conservative

Wealthy property owners who sought to maintain traditional structures and resist political reform.

-by 1849 most of Europe was under their control

Radical

A peasant or revolutionary advocating for significant change.

Edict of Emancipation

issued by Alexander II the Russian Czar who freed over 20 million serfs

Giuseppe Garibaldi

led the Italian unification in the south. Since he always wore a red shirt, his army became known as the Red Shirts

Franco-Prussian War

was used by Otto von Bismarck to gain support from the Germans in the south

Otto von Bismarck

He originated the political style known as realpolitik
- Expanded the Prussian Empire that would eventually become Germany

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat – Conservative leader who dominated European politics. The liberal
uprisings in Europe in 1848 resulted in his resignation

Camillo di Cavour

expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power plus was the force behind uniting Italy

Kaiser

was the name given to the ruler of the new, unified German empire

Romanticism

-ideas filled with wild emotions and feelings, the love of nature’s untamed beauty, the value of common people, the glorification of heroes and heroic actions

-During the Romantic period music became part of middle-class life for the first time

o Linked to nationalism by having National heroes and cultural pride as themes

Realism

its style would be to accurately depict the oppressive working conditions of Latin Americans under Spanish
control
- Industrialism help bring about this style

Impressionism

creation of mental pictures
- Goal of impressionist artists and composers was to illustrate a moment in time

What was the difference between the fight for independence of Mexico and Brazil

Difference between the fight for independence between Mexico and Brazil was that Brazil’s was mostly peaceful whereas Mexico’s had a lot of bloodshed

Industrialism

was factor in the rise of the realism movement

romantic writers and composers

Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge and Constable

Ludwig van Beethoven

one of romanticism first composers

When and what happened because of Prussia becoming Germany

1871 shift of power in Europe happened

What did the Power shift in Europe lead too?

Eventually would lead to the formation of the Second Reich thru ruthless leadership

Louis-Napoleon

elected ruler of France that declared himself an emperor

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 did NOT?

achieve their goals of freedom and equality

Austria lost the most territory when?

Italy became unified

Rome was officially named the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after?

the conquest of the Papal States