Immunology Exam 1

_________ is the state of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen

Immunity

The discovery of phagocytes is attributed to

Mechnikov

NK cells are most important for clearing __________ infections

Viral

The ________ is the largest organ in our immune defenses

Skin

Lysozyme hydrolyzes __________ bacterial pathogens

Peptidoglycan

____________ refers to the coating of a pathogen by a protein marker

Opsonization

The C3 convertase of the classical complement cascade is made up of

C2b4b

_________ is an accelerator of the alternative complement cascade

Factor P

The smaller pieces of hydrolyzed complement proteins are designated with the letter _____ —

The larger peptide of most T-cell receptors is the____ chain

Beta

The _____ molecule include B2 -microglobulin in its structure

MHC 1

Antibodies are formed by _ ________ cells

Plasma

T- cells develop their receptor structure in the __ __ ____ _ of the thymus

Cortex

There are ______ different beta chain loci for our T - cells to select from during development

4

Central tolerance mostly involves ________ selection of lymphocytes

Negative

Which of these would represent an intracellular pathogen

Virus

Which of the following is an agranulocyte

Lymphocyte

Which of these is not a secondary lymphoid tissue

Thymus

Which of these is famous for creating the first vaccine for rabies?

Pasteur

During an immune response, B - cells differentiate into what?

Plasma cells

Which of these cell types can arise from both myeloid and lymphoid precursors?

Dendritic cells

Which of these studied childbed fever during the development of the germ theory of disease?

Semmelweis

Which of the following is not a chemical barrier in our immune defenses?

Antibodies

The inactivation of the immune response to self-antigens is called what?

Tolerance

RIG - 1 is a cytosoic receptor that binds to what?

Viral RNA

What is our immune systems first line of defense?

Skin

What term refers to the process where neutrophils leave circulation and enter tissues?

Diapedesis

Which of these is recognized by toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR-4 )

Lipopolysaccarhide

Which of the following is not a proinflammatory cytokines?

Interferon

Which of these is true of Toll-like receptors

Recognize pathogen-associated patterns

Which protein must be degraded to allow signaling by Toll -like receptors to the nucleus?

IkB

Which of these is not typical for an inflammatory response?

Coolness

Defective neutrophil clearance can result in chronic inflammation and the formation of what?

Granuloma

What is the function of DAF in the complement cascade?

Degrade C3 convertase

Which of the complement cascades acts as the fastest?

Alternative

Which complement protein forms the pore in the membrane attack complex?

C9

Which of these is not an important function of the complement cascade?

Active apoptosis of infected cells

What is the function of properdin in the complement cascade

Stabilize C3 convertase

Which of these is the C3 convertase in the MBL complement cascade?

C2b4b

What is the function of a2 - macrogobulin in our serum?

Sequester proteases

Which of these proteins in only active in the alternative complement cascade?

Factor B

Which proteins in the MBL complement cascade perform the same function as C1q2r2 in the classical pathway

MASP

What part of our immune defenses are B-cell associated with?

Humoral

What process is responsible for most of the diversity in antibody structure?

Somatic recombination

What chains make up MOST of our T-cell receptors?

Alpha and Beta

What protein sends a signal via phosphorylation when T-cells are activated?

CD -3

What proteins would be found on the surface of a helper T-Cell?

T -cell receptor and CD4

What sort of cytokine action is illustrated to the right

Paracrine

Antibodies with differing in their antigen binding specificity would be ______

Idiotypes

Which of these regions is found in the B chain of the T-cell receptor, but not the a chain?

D

What is the most important antibody in our mucosal defenses?

IgA

What is the progression of steps in T-cell development?

DN → DP → SP

What is the most important transcription factor for T-cell development

Notch

How many protein chains are found in a secreted antibody

4

What happens to T-Cells during development if they don’t bind of all to MHC antigens

Death by neglect

Which of these is not found in the thymus?

Follicle

As T-cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow, they are _____

Double negative

What happens to T-Cells during development if they bind very lightly to MHC antigens?

Negative selection

In our most common type of T-cells, which chain of their T-cell receptor is made first?

Beta

What enzyme is critical for the process of somatic recombination?

RAG 1/2

What cell type does the final screening of newly formed T-cells in the medulla before they are released to circulation?

AIRE

Which transcription factor is turned on by TLR activation?

NF-kB

Who used cowpox viruses to vaccine people against smallpox infections?

Jenner

What do NOD -like receptors recognize during infections?

Cell wall components

Which cytosine is most important during a response to a viral infection?

Interferon

What protein is involved in tight binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells during chemotaxis

Integrin

Which of these complement proteins is only active in the classical cascade?

C1

Which of these complement proteins in active in all of the activation cascade?

C3

What is the strongest anaphylatoxin of the complement system

C5a

What type of antibodies are made in the primary immune response?

IgM

Viral antigens are usually presented on what "platter"?

MHC l

Which cytokines us most important for T-cell commitment and development?

IL-7

What cells do Th2 cells “help” most

B-cells

If a developing T-cell interacts well with MHC II, it becomes a helper T-cell, this represents what?

The instructive model

What enzymes are involved both in programmed cell death and IL-1 activation?

Caspases