Early 19th Century

Catherine Beecher

; a reformer who worked to improve education for women.

Andrew Jackson

; hated natives, killed 800 Creeks and was revered, but the Cherokees had won the battle for him, signed a treaty that took ½ of the creeks land, became governor of Florida, 1828 was elected president and he let the states do whatever they wanted.

Emma Willard

; founded the first school for girls (1821)

Eli Whitney

: Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts on guns.

Lowell Mills

: factory, primary working force → women, worked 11 hrs a day, didnt get breaks, werent allowed to knit or sew, couldnt drink alcohol in or out of work.

Harriet Tubman

: abolitionist and a conductor of the underground railroad who saved over 300 slaves.

Temperance

: combating alcohol abuse- banning alcohol because people drank a lot, many different ideas to solve like ban all vs limit etc.

Frederick Douglass

: born into slavery, defied slave codes by learning to read /write, wrote North Star promoting end of slavery.

Underground Railroad

: system to help enslaved people follow network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in North.

Immigration

: people started coming into the country from other countries in the 19th cent.

American Progress

"painting by John Gast: depicts an angel bringing industrialization across the country to the west, representing westward expansion.

Factories

: brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods, needed resources which resulted in high- priced products.

Abolitionism

: people wanted to end slavery in the united states.

Revolution

Industrial : new revolution that changed the way goods were produced and where people worked and lived.

Lucy Stone

: Was the first woman to earn a college degree and keep her name after marriage.

Industrial Revolution

new revolution that changed the way goods were produced and where people worked and lived

Factories

brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods, needed resources which resulted in high-priced products

Lowell Mills

factory, primary working force → women, worked 11 hrs a day, didnt get breaks, werent allowed to knit or sew, couldnt drink alcohol in or out of work

interchangeable parts

machine made parts were alike so they could fit together with other parts, items would not have to be built from scratch, saved time and money

Steam power & efficiency of transportation

efficient → didnt rely on winds or hand rowing, didnt need to be close to water (like water-powered things)

Immigration

people started coming into the country from other countries in the 19th cent

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts on guns

Cotton Gin

an invention that cleaned cotton, led to a dramatic expansion of agriculture in the south, a single worker could do the work of 50 people by hand

Impact of cotton on slavery & economy

swift growth in cotton production, southern states → not enough farmland to meet demand, cotton planters extended → cotton kingdom

Conditions of slavery

difficult physical work, slave owners dehumanized, no protection from abuse of white owners, prevented from practicing their religion

Resistance to slavery

pick cotton slowly, poison slave owners food, "stayed alive" (singing, dancing, had children), tried to find humanity

Abolitionism

people wanted to end slavery in the united states

William Lloyd Garrison & "The Liberator"

thought slavery was evil, found the New England Anti-Slavery Society, the liberator → the most influential anti slavery newspaper

Harriet Tubman

abolitionist and a conductor of the underground railroad who saved over 300 slaves

Underground Railroad

system to help enslaved people follow network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in North

Slave Narratives and letters from former slaves to their former masters

write conditions of slavery, how they were described, in choices and on schoology

Frederick Douglass

born into slavery, defied slave codes by learning to read/write, wrote North Star promoting end of slavery

Examples of abolitionist documents

  David Walkers Appeal → condemns colonization, Sojourner Truths "Aint I a Woman" → former slave talked about injustices, William Loyd Garrisons "The Liberator," → newspaper about abolition, Angelina Grimkes speech → points out demoralizing effects of slavery and tells women to take an active role in abolition

Asylum/poorhouses reform

mentally ill people were treated as "crazy", reforms → mentally ill people had to be treated as patients, Massachusetts state legislatures had to fund a new mental hospital

Jails reform

debtors go to prison → less debtors in jail, bad conditions + many people per cell → better conditions (food etc) and less people per cell

Womens Rights

Women fighting for their rights

Lucy Stone

Was the first woman to earn a college degree and keep her name after marriage

Declaration of Sentiments

Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it was modeled after the declaration of independence, and it contained a list of grievances of women

O Sullivan quotations

in newspaper stated "Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions"

"American Progress" painting by John Gast

depicts an angel bringing industrialization across the country to the west, representing westward expansion