Tap 5.8-5.9

Confederate States of America

Southern southern states that succeeded from the union after Lincolns election (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas) had constitution that resembled the US constitution but denied confederate congress powers to Levy a protective tariff and appropriate funds for internal improvements, but did prohibit foreign slave trade. They were short money and had difficulty making resources last

Jefferson Davis

President of the confederate states he tried to increase executive powers during war, but was denied

Alexander H Stephens

Vice president of confederate states who urged secession of Georgia in response to departed actions of confederate government

Second American revolution

Name historians use for the Civil War because the changes were so fundamental and profound

Bull Run

First major battle of the war on July 1861; 30,000 federal troops marched from DC to attack confederate forces at bull run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. Confederate counter attacked and sent union forces back to DC. Battle ended allusion of short war and promoted that rebels were invincible. Union lost

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

Confederate general at bull run who was known for fearlessness. Earned his nickname for standing courageously against union fire. Own soldiers accidentally mortally wounded him at Chancellorsville

Winfield Scott

General in chief of union who devised three parts strategy for winning 1) anaconda plan 2) Take control of the Mississippi river cutting confederacy in 2 3) Raise and train army 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond

Anaconda Plan

Use the U.S. Navy to blockade southern ports to cut off essential supplies from reaching confederacy

George B McClellan

General/new commander of union army in east, insisted that his troops be given a long period of training before battle. Finally went to Virginia where Confederate stopped them after five months and he was replaced with General John Pope. Replaced again after failing to follow confederates at Antietam

Robert E Lee

General of the confederate troops/commander of southern eastern forces; successful and many battles until he was defeated at both Antietam and Gettysburg; he surrender to grant at Appomattox courthouse. Defeated McClellan in Virginia

Antietam

Fought at Creek in Maryland; 22,000 casualties and union won. Turning point in the war and Confederates failed to get needed aid from great Britain and France

Fredericksburg

December 1862, union army under Ambrose Burnside attacked Lee in Virginia and suffered 12,000 casualties compared to Confederates 5000. Lincoln discovered reckless attacks have bad consequences

Monitor vs Merrimac

Unions blockade strategy was jeopardized by confederate ship, Merrimack, which attacked and sank several union ships; it was plated with metal plates (a.k.a. ironclad) on March 9, 1862, unions own ironclad, the monitor, engage the confederate ship in five hour duel that ended in a draw, but monitor prevented Confederates new weapon from breaking the blockade. Turning point in naval warfare because ironclad ships replaced wood ones

Ulysses S Grant

West Point graduate who joined war after unsuccessful civilian career. Became commanding general of union army. Captured Fort Henry and fort Donelson, in command of taking control of Mississippi river, Lee surrender to him and he eventually became president

Shiloh

Confederate troops surprised union and drove them across the Tennessee river; union recovered and won battle, but it was one of the most bloody battles in war (23,000 casualties)

David Farragut

Commander of the union navy who captured New Orleans

Vicksburg

Union bombarded for seven weeks before confederate surrender the city and about 29,000 soldiers on July 4. Federal warships control the Mississippi river which cut off Texas and Louisiana and Arkansas from rest of the confederacy

Gettysburg

July 1, 1863, confederate army surprise union in southern Pennsylvania; most crucial battle of war with 50,000 casualties. Lee unsuccessfully send a charge led by George Pickett that destroyed part of the confederate army causing them to retreat; union won

Sherman's March

With 100,000 men, Sherman went out to Tennessee and campaign of deliberate destruction that went across the state of Georgia to South Carolina. In Georgia, he destroyed everything (burnt cotton fields,, barns, houses, etc.) completed campaign on February 1865 by setting fire to Columbia. The goal was to break the spirit of the confederacy and destroy well to fight

William Tecumseh Sherman

Chief instrument of grants tactics for subduing South; veteran general who led the march

Appomattox Court House

Where Lee was cut off and forced to surrender to grant in Virginia on April 9, 1865

Trent Affair

Union war ship stopped British ship on way to England and arrested two confederate diplomats (James Madison and John Slidell) Britain threatened war and Lincoln released The Diplomats

Alabama

British ship given to the confederate Raiders. Captures more than 60 vessels before being sunk near the coast of France

Greenbacks

Name for a union paper money not based buy gold or silver and value would fluctuate depending on status of war

Morrill Tariff Act

1861; raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. Passage initiated a republican program of high protective tariffs to help industrialist

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862; encourage states use sales of federal land grants to fund and maintain agriculture and technical colleges. Schools educated farmers engineers and scientists and became centers of research and innovation

Federal Land Grants

Government funded land and then gave it to the states who and sold it to people to create things like colleges or railroads

Pacific Railway Act

1862; authorized building of the transcontinental railroad over northern route to link economies of California and western territories with eastern states

Homestead Act

1862; promoted settlement of great plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of free public land to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. Similar to head right system; helped whites not African-Americans

Habeas corpus

Legal write forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. Lincoln suspended during war to stop protest against the draft and other antiunion activities

Confiscation Acts

Two laws passed by Congress 1) August 1861; give union the power to seize his enemy property, including enslaved people, used to wage war against the US and empowered president to use those freed in the union army in any capacity. 2) July 1, 1862; freed those enslaved by any individual in rebellion against the union

Emancipation Proclamation

After victory of Antietam, Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 that all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. The aim was to injure the confederacy, threaten its property, Heighten it's dried, and hurt its moral

Ex parte Milligan

1866; government had improperly subjected civilians to military trials. Declared such procedures may only be used when regular civilian courts were unavailable

Copperheads

Democrats called peace Democrats who opposed the war and wanted a negotiated peace

Gettysburg Address

November 19, 1863; given by Lincoln to dedicate the cemetery at the battlefield. Lincoln frame the war as a means to uphold values of liberty, and rallied Americans to the idea that their nation was dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

One of the first all black unit organized to fight for union in war. Let attack on fort Wagner near Charleston South Carolina

Preston

Very Annoying