PHOrgChem (Lecture) | Module 6: LIST OF COMMON DRUGS

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl ring contributes to π-π interactions with enzymes and receptor sites; adds rigidity and stability.

● Stability: Phenyl ring stabilizes structure.

● Effectiveness: Essential for analgesic and antipyretic action.

Phenyl Ring

What stabilizes the structure of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)?

Ibuprofen

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl group aids in enzyme binding.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Isobutyl side chain improves lipophilicity.

● Stability: Aromatic ring resists oxidation.

● Effectiveness: Facilitates NSAID activity via COX inhibition.

Aromatic Ring

What stabilizes Ibuprofen that resists oxidation?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Ibuprofen?

Aspirin

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Benzene ring involved in target binding.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Acetyl group modifies bioactivity.

● Stability: Stable under acidic conditions.

● Effectiveness: Acetylation of COX enzyme is key to function.

Aspirin

What drug is stable under acidic conditions?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Aspirin?

Amoxicillin

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenol ring enhances receptor interaction.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Present in side chains increasing solubility.

● Stability: Aromatic ring provides oxidative stability.

● Effectiveness: Functional groups crucial for binding to bacterial enzymes.

Aromatic Ring

What provides oxidative stability to the structure of Amoxicillin?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Amoxicillin?

Ciprofloxacin

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Multiple aromatic rings critical for DNA gyrase binding.

● Alkyl Halide (Fluoro group): Enhances lipophilicity and cell wall penetration.

● Stability: Fluorine improves metabolic resistance.

● Effectiveness: Strong binding to bacterial DNA enzymes.

Fluorine

What improves metabolic resistance to the stability of Ciprofloxacin?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Ciprofloxacin?

Metformin

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Methyl groups contribute to solubility and membrane passage.

● Stability: Lacks aromatic ring; stable due to guanidine structure.

● Effectiveness: High polarity enhances glucose-lowering effect.

Guanidine Structure

Metformin lacks aromatic ring; stable due to?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Metformin?

Atorvastatin

● Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Multiple rings stabilize drug and improve LDL receptor binding.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Side chains enhance membrane crossing.

● Stability: Aromatics resist oxidative metabolism.

● Effectiveness: Rings fit tightly into HMG-CoA reductase enzyme.

Aromatics

What resist oxidative metabolism to the stability of Atorvastatin?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Atorvastatin?

Omeprazole

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Benzimidazole ring crucial for action.

● Alkyl Halide (methoxy group): Modifies polarity and metabolism.

● Stability: Aromatic nucleus supports shelf-life.

● Effectiveness: Ring system needed for proton pump inhibition.

Aromatic Nucleus

What supports shelf-life to the stability of Omeprazole?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Omeprazole?

Cetirizine

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Diphenyl groups enable receptor blocking.

● Alkyl Halide: Chlorine improves CNS penetration.

● Stability: Aromatic, and halogen groups reduce degradation.

● Effectiveness: High selectivity for H1 receptors.

Aromatic, and Halogen Groups

What reduces the degradation on the stability of Cetirizine?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Cetirizine?

Salbutamol

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl ring involved in β2 agonist activity.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Tertiary butyl group increases selectivity.

● Stability: Phenyl ring ensures structural integrity.

● Effectiveness: Functional groups increase bronchodilator efficiency.

Phenyl Ring

What ensures the structural integrity on the stability of Salbutamol?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Salbutamol?

Ranitidine

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Present in furan ring and heterocycles.

● Alkyl Halide (Cl group): Enhances membrane transport.

● Stability: Aromatic ring reduces metabolic breakdown.

● Effectiveness: Contributes to H2 receptor antagonism.

Aromatic Ring

What reduces the metabolic breakdown on Ranitidine on its stability?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Ranitidine?

Amlodipine

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl ring crucial for Ca-channel blocking.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Alkyl groups enhance bioavailability.

● Stability: Aromatics protect from rapid metabolism.

● Effectiveness: Enhances binding to L-type calcium channels.

Aromatics

What protects Amlodipine from rapid metabolism on its stability?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Amlodipine?

Diazepam

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Benzodiazepine ring essential for CNS effect.

● Alkyl Halide (Cl): Increases lipophilicity and CNS access.

● Stability: Aromatic core resists chemical degradation.

● Effectiveness: Cl and ring structures boost GABA-A binding.

Aromatic Core

What resists Diazepam from chemical degradation on its stability?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Diazepam?

Losartan

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Biphenyl ring critical for angiotensin receptor blocking.

● Alkyl Halide (Cl): Improves stability and potency.

● Stability: Halogen prevents oxidative metabolism.

● Effectiveness: Structural rings essential for blood pressure control.

Halogen

What prevents Losartan from oxidative metabolism on its stability?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Losartan?

Clopidogrel

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Thiophene ring and phenyl enhance activity.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Alters solubility.

● Stability: Aromatics shield the drug from degradation.

● Effectiveness: Rings required for platelet receptor inhibition.

Aromatics

What shields Clopidogrel from degradation on its stability?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Clopidogrel?

Metoprolol

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl ring necessary for β1 receptor binding.

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Methyl groups enhance bioavailability.

● Stability: Aromatic ring increases structural stability.

● Effectiveness: Functional groups help in heart rate control.

Aromatic Ring

What increases Clopidogrel structural stability on its stability?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Metoprolol?

Levothyroxine

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Iodinated rings mimic natural thyroxine.

● Alkyl Halide (Iodine): Critical for thyroid activity.

● Stability: Iodinated rings very stable.

● Effectiveness: Essential for T3/T4 hormone receptor mimicry.

Iodinated Rings

What are very stable in Levothyroxine stability?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Levothyroxine?

Azithromycin

● Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: In macrolide backbone.

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Not a dominant feature.

● Stability: Stable due to macrocyclic lactone.

● Effectiveness: Alkyl chains enhance bacterial cell penetration.

Macrocyclic Lactone

Azithromycin is stable due to?

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Azithromycin?

Diclofenac

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Dichlorophenyl ring essential for COX inhibition.

● Alkyl Halide (Cl): Increases potency and stability.

● Stability: Cl-substituted aromatic enhances resistance to metabolism.

● Effectiveness: Structural groups improve anti-inflammatory action.

Cl-susbtituted Aromatic

What enhances Diflonac on resistance to metabolism on its stability?

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Diclofenac?

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

● Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Phenyl ring critical for serotonin receptor affinity. \

● Alkyl Halide (F): Fluorine improves brain penetration.

● Stability: Aromatic ring resists degradation.

● Effectiveness: Functional groups increase SSRI efficacy.

Aromatic Ring

Wnat resists the deradation of Fluoxetine (Prozac) on its stability

Aromatic Hydrocarbon, and Alkyl Halide

What Class/es of Hydrocarbon is present in Fluoxetine (Prozac)?