Art Techniques and Materials: Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, Sculpture, Photography

Implied lines

formed by edges and linear forms.

Linear Perspective

based on the observation that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede from the viewer, finally meeting at vanishing point on the horizon.

Vanishing point

point where horizontal lines disappear as they meet.

Papyrus

a paper like material made from pressed plant stems.

Parchment

made from animal skins.

Paper

rags later wood pulp.

Charcoal

charred wood.

Graphite

a soft, crystalline form of carbon first discovered in the 16th century.

Chalk

soft, white limestone.

Crayon

waxy or greasy binders.

Pastels

pigment bound with a solution of gum arabic or gum tragacanth and water.

Pigment

powdered color.

Binder

an ingredient that the paint will adhere to the surface.

Encaustic

paints consist of pigment bound with wax and resin.

Fresco

pigments are mixed with water and applied to a plaster support.

Buon fresco

true fresco paint made of pigment and water is applied to wet-lime plaster.

Watercolor

paints diluted with water, aqueous medium. Binder is gum arabic.

Oil

pigment compounded with oil.

Glaze

thin veils of translucent color like stained glass applied over opaque paint.

Impasto

paint is very thick and projects above surface of the painting.

Stretchers

a wooden frame over which a canvas is spread and tautened ready for painting.

Pentimento

a visible trace of earlier painting beneath a layer or layers of paint on a canvas.

Craquelure

a network of fine cracks in the paint or varnish of a painting.

Edition

total number of prints made from a given plate or block. Artist signs each approved impression, there may be a declared limit to the number of impressions.

Relief

any printing method in which the image to be printed is raised from the background.

Woodcut

a relief printmaking method in which a block of wood is carved to leave the image areas raised from the background.

Intaglio

areas meant to print are below the surface of the printing plate.

Metal engraving

an art and manufacturing process that involves incising a design into a metal surface.

Etching

A printmaking technique where an image is created by using acid to cut into a metal plate.

Lithography

A planographic printmaking technique based on the fact that oil and water repel each other. The process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing.

Lith

stone

SCREENPRINTING

The image is transferred to paper by forcing ink through a fine mesh in which the areas not meant to be printed have been blocked.

Serigraphy

modern form of screenprinting

MONOTYPE

A planographic printmaking resulting in a single impression. A typical technique is to paint the design in oil paint on a plate of glass or metal.

Camara obscura

dark room

Niepce

managed to capture a fuzzy view from his window after 8 hrs, one of the first permanent photographs

Daguerre

light-sensitive surface copper plate coated with silver iodide.

Cindy Sherman

took still photographs that draw from our shared knowledge of popular films.

Muybridge

The horse experiment to see if the horse has its legs all off the ground at some point, he had a bunch of cams at a racecourse.

Persistence of vision

the human brain retains a visual image for a fraction of a second longer than the eye actually records it.

Motion picture film speed

not real motion but a series of still images projected at a speed of twenty-four frames per second.

Sergei Eisenstein

began creating the editing side

Auteur

director of this film vision

Symbols

letters

Typography

the art and process of arranging text to make it readable and visually appealing.

In-the-round

freestanding work that can be viewed from any angle, for it is finished on all sides.

In low relief/bas relief

figures project minimally, as on a coin.

In high-relief

figures project substantially from the background, often by half their full depth or more.

FOUR METHODS OF SCULPTURE

Additive & Subtractive

Modeling

manipulating a plastic material like clay or wax to create a form

Casting

The process of making a sculpture or some other object by pouring a liquid into a mold, letting it harden, and then releasing it.

Carving

A subtractive technique in which a mass of material such as stone or wood is shaped by cutting and/or abrasion.

Assembling

creating a sculpture by grouping or piecing together

Lick and Lather

sculptures, 7 made by chocolate and 7 by soap

Installation

a photograph documenting an exhibition

Contrapposto or counterbalance

sets the body in a gentle S-shaped curve through a play of opposites.

Caricature

exaggerates human features for expressive effect

Cartoon

humorous drawing may include caricatures

Censorship

when groups or individuals suppress words or pictures they find offensive, indecent, or dangerous.

WAFAA BILAL

N/A

ARTESIMA GENTLESCHI

a famous woman painter, who was later r*ped by a painter Agostino Tassi. She would prove her worth as a painter as she became successful, admired, and sought after.