lipid metabolism

the general structure of a fatty acid includes a [ ] group and a long [ ] chain

carboxyl, hydrocarbon

a triacylglycerol molecule consists of one [ ] backbone and three [ ]

glycerol, fatty acids

the common fatty acids

Butyric Acid [ ]

Palmitic Acid [ ]

Stearic Acid [ ]

Oleic Acid [ ]

Linoleic Acid [ ]

Linoleic Acid [ ]

Butyric Acid C4:0

Palmitic Acid C16:0

Stearic Acid C18:0

Oleic Acid C18:1(9)

Linoleic Acid C18:2 (9,12)

Linoleic Acid C18:3 (9,12,15)

[ ] and [ ] are essential fatty acids

linoleic and linoleic acid

[ ] is derived from linoleic acid and is a precursor for eicosanoids

Arachidonic Acid

hormones that stimulate lipolysis include [ ], [ ], [ ] and [ ]

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Glucagon

Glucocorticoids

[ ] inhibits lipolysis

Insulin

the rate limiting enzyme of lipolysis is [ ]

hormone-sensitive lipase

the carnitine shuttle transports [ ] into the mitochondria for beta oxidation

long-chain fatty acids

[ ] activates fatty acids to acyl-CoA

Acyl-CoA synthetase

[ ] attaches the fatty acid to carnitine

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

CPT-I is located in the [ ]

outer mitochondrial membrane

[ ] reattaches CoA and releases carnitine in the [ ]

CPT-II

mitochondrial matrix

[ ] inhibits the carnitine shuttle

Malonyl-CoA

the four steps of beta oxidation include

Oxidation (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase)

Hydration (enoyl-CoA hydratase)

Oxidation (hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase)

Thiolysis (thiolase)

unsaturated FA oxidation requires [ ] and [ ]

3,2-enoyl-CoA isomerase

2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase

unsaturated FA yield [ ] ATP due to fewer reducing equivalents

LESS

ketonemia is [ ]

elevated ketones in the blood

ketones in the urine is called [ ]

ketonuria

elevated ketone levels used for energy is called

ketosis

ketoacidosis is the dangerous acidfication of blood due to [ ]

excessive ketones

type I diabetes causes lack of insulin » increased [ ] » promotes

acetyl-CoA

ketogenesis

three ketone bodies are [ ], [ ], and [ ]

Acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate

Acetone

ketone bodies are synthesized in the [ ]

liver mitochondria

the rate-limiting enzyme in ketogenesis is [ ]

HMG-CoA synthase

[ ] is exhaled and responsible for fruity breath odor

Acetone

a [ ] deficiency affects the liver

CPT-I

CPT-II deficiency affects [ ] and causes [ ] or [ ]

muscles

exercise-induced myopathy

rhabdomyolysis

MCAD deficiency impairs oxidation of [ ]

medium-chain fatty acids

Refsum Disease results from impaired [ ]

alpha oxidation

[ ] hydrolyzes TAGs in lipoproteins to release free FAs

lipoprotein lipase

[ ] is regulated by citrate and palmitoyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

fatty acids are synthesized in the [ ] and oxidized in the [ ]

cytosol

mitochondria

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires [ ]

bioton (Vitamin B7)

[ ] is released from intestinal mucosal cells and acts on the gallbladder to release bile

cholecystokinin CCK

secretin is released from intestinal cells in response to [ ]

acidic pH of chyme

[ ] physically binds the lipase to the edge of the lipid creating a 1:1 ratio

colipase

nascent chylomicron is immature until it receives [ ] and become mature

2 Apo proteins

ApoCII & ApoE