Lesson 1.3 ISS test

Tribes

Early human societies often organized into groups led by elders or chiefs, making decisions communally or by consensus.

City-states

Independent political units consisting of a city and its surrounding lands, common in ancient cultures like Mesopotamia and Greece.

Empires

Large territories or groups ruled by a single sovereign power, examples include the Roman Empire and Persian Empire.

Absolute Monarchy

A monarchy where the monarch has total power, without being checked by laws or constitutions.

Saudi Arabia

A modern example of an absolute monarchy where the king rules by decree and law is based on Islamic principles.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God, not to the people.

Constitutional Monarchy

A monarchy limited by laws and a constitution where the monarch serves as a ceremonial head of state.

Direct Democracy

A form of democracy where citizens vote directly on laws and policies.

Athens, Greece

Birthplace of direct democracy, where citizens participated in assemblies and votes.

Indirect (Representative) Democracy

A democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

Republic

A system where power rests with elected representatives, and leaders are subject to a constitution.

Theocracy

A form of government in which religious leaders or institutions hold political power.

Islamic Theocracy

A government structure that combines political leadership with Islamic law.

Dictatorship

A government where one person holds absolute power, often maintained through force and propaganda.

Military Dictatorship

Control maintained by the military or a general.

Totalitarianism

An extreme form of dictatorship where the state seeks to control all aspects of life.

North Korea

A modern example of a totalitarian dictatorship known for its strict control and nuclear ambitions.

Juche

North Korean ideology promoting self-reliance, isolation, and nationalism.

Great Famine

A 1990s famine in North Korea caused by economic mismanagement and isolation, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths.

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)

A fortified border between North and South Korea, serving as a buffer zone.

Kim Il-Sung

The founder and first leader of North Korea.

Kim Jong-Il

The son of Kim Il-Sung, known for his cult of personality and isolated regime.

Kim Jong-Un

The current leader of North Korea, maintaining totalitarian control and expanding nuclear ambitions.