ENV 105 - Assessment 3 Study Guide

Chapter 11-13

Many scientists assert that the Earth is changing as a result of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Which of the following statements is NOT some of the evidence given?

Temperatures have increased about 6 °F over the last century.

A developing country is likely to emit more carbon dioxide per capita than a developed country.

False

The following are examples of sequestered carbon

All of these are examples of carbon sequestration

Environmental regulation in the U.S. has traditionally relied on what type of policies?

Command-and-control

_____________ changed the composition of the atmosphere so that there was more oxygen and less CO₂

Cyanobacteria

Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would be how much colder than present?

61 °F

All of these are problems with carbon offset programs, EXCEPT:

They increase rich countries' carbon footprint

The data that were used to make the Keeling curve come from

direct measurements of carbon dioxide.

The greenhouse effect is a natural process.

True

According to scientists, temperatures could reach as high as ______ above historical temperature averages by the end of this century.

4 degrees Celsius

Paying a factory owner to reduce carbon emissions would be an example of utilizing the Coase theorem.

True

The _______ was enacted in order to specifically reduce the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere.

Montreal Protocol

All of the following are greenhouse gases, EXCEPT:

Nitrogen

Global warming is the term used to describe all forms of long-term climate fluctuations.

False

Which of the following is not considered a likely consequence of climate change?

Flooding in the American Southwest

All of the following are examples of reconciliation ecology except:

monoculture timber plantation.

It is ideal for all forests to become "climax" communities and be free from disturbance.

False

Trees are used by people in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

Humans use trees for all of these purposes, and many, many more!

After a disturbance, a forest will always return to its climax vegetation.

False

Because trees cannot communicate their own interests, humans have to decide what is best for them, and that often includes expressing our own interests.

True

Which of the following ideas suggests that scarcity of trees through deforestation will lead to innovation and substitution of other resources so that trees can recover?

All of the choices are correct

The recovery of forests in Europe is likely due to

All of the choices are correct.

Forest activism such as the Chipko and rubber trappers’ movements focus as much on the protection of livelihoods as the protection of trees themselves.

True

Deforestation may sometimes begin with: 

primitive accumulation.

The forest transition theory says that innovation and substitution of other resources will lead to:

secondary succession

Purchasing items designated as “fair trade” helps to promote uneven development in the market.

False

Benefits humans get from an ecosystem like food, clean air or water, energy, and nutrient cycling are known as _______.

ecosystem services

An example of uneven development regarding deforestation would include:

U.S. ownership of the world’s bananas.

All of the following are examples of reforestation efforts, EXCEPT:

Clearing land for agriculture

A person with an anthropocentric viewpoint would strongly favor attributing legal rights to trees.

False

The current extinction crisis is primarily caused by natural factors.

False

Resource management is sustainable if it:

secures availability of the resource for future generations.

The rewilding movement incorporates all of the following approaches, EXCEPT:

Anthropocentrism

Which carnivore moved in after wolves were exterminated from Yellowstone, but could not fill their ecological role?

Coyote

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 was a major turning point in natural resource management because it requires _______.

stakeholder participation

The rewilding movement is based primarily on an ethics of _______.

ecocentrism

The main reason that wolves were exterminated from much of their habitat is that wolves

threaten the livestock and ranching livelihood.

The goal of rewilding programs is to promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

True

The primary goal of natural resource management has always been to include stakeholders at all stages of decision making.

False

Which of the following is NOT a type of wolf extermination campaign waged in the U.S.?

Eradication to increase the numbers of bison for indigenous people.

All of the following are examples of biotic factors that can affect wolves, EXCEPT:

wildfires

________ trophic levels are consumed by successively _______ trophic levels.

Lower; higher

The estimated average rate of species loss over the long term is known as what?

Background extinction rate

By returning wolves to the wild, biologists might observe all of the following changes to the ecosystem EXCEPT what?

Fewer willow trees as elk numbers will decrease.

All of the following statements about natural resource management are true, EXCEPT:

All stakeholders are given an equal voice in decision-making that affects them.