GP- oral cavity, salivation, dysphagia

1. prehension

2. insalivation

3. mastication

4. swallowing

5. digestion

6. absorption

7. excretion

what are the 7 stages of digestion?

the grasping of food with the tongue (carnivores and cows) or the lips (horses and goats)

what is prehension?

assimilable subtances pass through the intestinal villi

what happens during absorption?

excretion

the process of removing non-absorbable substances from the body is called....

turning food into assimilable substances

digestion is defined as...

swallowing

moving food from the mouth to the stomach is called....

food ingestion: prehension, chewing, insalivation, and swallowing

what is the function of the oral cavity (mouth)?

the reduction of the size of food particles

what is chewing?

the mixing of food particles with saliva

what is insalivation?

prehension, chewing, insalivation, and/or swallowing

any problem in the oral cavity, pharynx, and salivary glands results in a problem with.....

horses and goats

because they use their lips for prehension

which animal is strongly affected by a lip problem?

cows, carnivores (dogs, cats)

because they use their tongue for prehension

which animal is strongly affected by a tongue problem?

tongues

cows, dogs, and cats rely on their _____ for prehension

lips

horses and goats rely on their _____ for prehension

-inflammation

-dental abnormalities

-neoplasia

-mandibular trismus

what are the possible problems that can occur in the oral cavity?

the inflammation of the tongue

glossitis is...

the inflammation of the gums (gingiva)

what is gingivitis?

cheilitis

the medical term for the inflammation of the lips is called...

inflammation of the oral mucosa

stomatitis is the....

inflammation of the lateral walls of the pharynx

what is faucitis?

glossitis

what is the medical term for this issue?

-infectious (Calicivirus, Herpesvirus, etc)

-physical (calculus, foreign bodies, etc)

-chemical agents

-metabolic disease

-electric burns

-insects

what might be possible etiologies of glossitis?

pine processionary caterpillars- dogs commonly lick them, and they damage their oral cavity, commonly causing glossitis

what are these? what problem do they commonly cause in the animal?

tartar

what is the common etiology of gingivitis in dogs?

gingivitis

small dogs commonly have _______ because of tartar

viral infection: lymphocytic/plasmacytic due to Calicivirus, FIV, or FeLV

what is the most common etiology of gingivitis in cats?

tartar; viral infection

in dogs, gingivitis is usually caused by _________, but in cats, it is usually caused by ___________

gingivitis (due to tartar)

what problem does this dog have?

gingivitis; viral infection

what is the medical term for the condition of this cat? what is likely the etiology?

saint bernards, springer spaniels, bulldogs

(dogs with droopy cheeks)

what dog breeds are predisposed to cheilitis?

-poor oral hygiene

-inflammation of adjacent tissues

-chewing sharp objects/ foreign bodies

what can cause cheilitis?

cheilitis

what is the medical tern for the condition of this dog?

cheilitis

what does this dog have wrong?

NO, the only cases are caused by Candida albicans (fungi)

is stomatitis common in dogs?

cats

we see the most cases of stomatitis in what species?

-gingivitis

-eosinophilic granuloma

-immune-mediated

-virus (Calicivirus, Herpesvirus, FIV, FeLV)

-food allergy

-Candida albicans

-Mycoplasma

-metabolic disease

-neoplasia

-nutritional disorder

-trauma

-foreign bodies

what are the possible causes of stomatitis in cats?

stomatitis

what does this cat have?

stomatitis

this cat has what condition?

the inflammation of the mucosa at the lateral and caudal walls of the mouth/pharynx

what is faucitis?

faucitis

the most severe and painful inflammation in the oral cavity is ....

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesion

the bones surrounding the teeth are reabsorbed and the teeth move around, causing a lot of pain

what is FORL?

FORL- Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesion

what condition does this cat have?

faucitis

what condition does this cat have?

-peridontal disease

-enamel disease

-dental/skeletal maloclusions

-abnormal number of teeth

what are the different dental disorders that we commonly see in veterinary medicine?

the infection and inflammation of the peridontum (tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth) due to plaque and the host's response to bacterial insult

what is peridontal disease?

poor dental hygiene

because of this, the plaque thickens, which causes an imbalance of the bacterial population, which induces an inflammatory response that leads to peridontal and bone damage

what causes peridontal disease?

peridontal disease

what is this condition?

peridontal

this horse has ________ disease

peridontal disease

what is the problem here?

not serious or painful at all

how serious is an enamel disorder?

-trauma

-chemical product deposition

-canine distemper virus

-fever

-inherited (in huskies)

what causes enamel disorders in animals?

enamel problem/disorder

what is the problem?

enamel

this dog has an issue with its ______

enamel;

trauma, chemical product deposition, canine distemper virus, fever, inherited

these characteristic brown marks on the teeth indicate a problem with the ______, which can be caused by _____

it is usually unproblematic, and is just an aesthetic (appearance) issue.

how serious is a dental/skeletal malocclusion?

dogs

dental/skeletal malocclusions occur more commonly in what species?

trauma or it is inherited

what may cause dental/skeletal malocclusion?

shark mouth.

it is a dental malocclusion. we just need to remove the milk teeth that have not fallen out.

we call this ....

dental/skeletal malocclusions

these issues are called .....

old- they are very rare in young animals

are neoplasias of the oral cavity more common in young or old animals?

-malignant melanoma

-squamous cell carcinoma

-fibrosarcoma

what are the different types of oral cavity neoplasias that are common in dogs?

dogs

malignant melanomas in the oral cavity are very common in what animals?

cats

squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity are very common in what animals?

squamous cell carcinoma

what is the most common neoplasia in the oral cavity of cats?

squamous cell carcinoma

fibrosarcoma

what are the common 2 neoplasias that we can find in the mouth of a cat?

malignant melanoma

it is very aggressive and painful, and is the most common neoplasia in the mouth of dogs

what is this?

"lock jaw"- a medical condition in which the normal motion of the mandible is reduced

what is mandibular trismus?

-temporomandibular anguilosis (fracture)

-temporomandibular osteoarthritis

-masticatory muscle myositis

-neoplasms

-neurological lesions (due to tetanus, canine distemper)

-retrobulbar abscess

what are the possible causes of mandibular trismus?

tetanus

these puppies have mandibular trismus due to .....

weight loss and dehydration

because the animal avoids eating and drinking (hypo/anorexia, hypodypsia)

what are the main symptoms of prehension disorders?

improper chewing of food; decreased surface area for digestive enzyme action

a chewing disorder is the _______, resulting in ________

-oral inflammation (gingivitis, stomatitis, etc)

-dental disorders (peridontal disease, etc)

what are the 2 etiologies of chewing disorders? (what might cause an animal to have trouble chewing its food?)

-undigested food in the feces

-ptyalism

-halitosis

-weightloss and weakness

-diarrhea (bc the food is not chewed, so the osmotic pressure in the intestine is increased, and water is not absorbed)

if an animal has a chewing disorder, what symptoms might we see?

because if the food is not properly chewed, the osmotic pressure in the intestine will be increased, and water will not be absorbed

why might a dog that has a chewing disorder have diarrhea?

parotid

zygomatic

sublingual

mandibular

the four main salivary glands are.....

the swelling of a salivary gland as a consequence of saliva accumulation

what is a mucocele/sialocele?

mucocele/sialocele

the swelling of a salivary gland because of saliva accumulation is called.....

inflammation of a salivary gland due to obstruction or sialoliths

what is sialodenitis?

sialodenitis

the inflammation of a salivary gland is called....

sialoliths (salivary stones) within the salivary gland

what is sialolithiasis?

a mucocele/sialocele

if we observe a mass below an animal's mandible, and when we feel it it is soft, mobile, and not hot or painful, we can assume it is....

soft, mobile, not hot, not painful

how does a mucocele/sialocele feel?

mucocele/sialocele

what is wrong with this animal?

mucocele/sialocele

what does this animal have?

a mucocele/sialocele of the sublingual gland

what is a ranula?

prehension and mastication problems

if there is a mucocele/sialocele of the sublingual gland (ranula), what issues will we see in the dog?

dysphagia

if there is a mucocele/sialocele of the submandibular gland, what issues will we see in the dog?

exophtalmus, difficulty opening the jaw

if there is a mucocele/sialocele of the zygomatic gland, what issues will we see in the dog?

a ranula (mucocele/sialocele of the sublingual salivary gland)

what is this?

not serious.

it is not painful or limiting, but if very very big, can cause issues.

how serious is a mucocele/sialocele?

parotid

sialodenitis is most common of what gland?

parotid

which salivary gland is most commonly inflamed?

horses

in what species is sialodenitis common?

hot, painful

how does sialodenitis feel?

-wounds

-systemic infections (ex: S. equi)

-sialoliths

what are the common causes of sialodenitis?

sialodenitis (of the parotid)

what is wrong with this horse?

-painful, hot, hard mass

-difficulty swallowing

-inappetance

what are the symptoms of an animal with sialodenitis?

sialodenitis

a horse has a painful, hard, and hot mass on its temple. it is having dysphagia and does not want to eat. what probably is the issue?

sialolith- a salivary gland stone

in the middle, it is a vegetable that has accumulated calcium carbonate around it

what is this?

it occurs when a piece of food gets stuck and then calcium carbonate deposits and accumulates around it. it might also be caused by the desquamation of cells

why might a horse have sialolithiasis?