Comprehensive Environmental and Disaster Management Flashcards

Amatrice Earthquake Date

24 Aug 2016

Amatrice Earthquake Magnitude

M6.2

Amatrice Earthquake Focus

shallow focus (10 km)

Amatrice Earthquake Deaths

299 deaths

Amatrice Earthquake Homelessness

4,500 homeless

Amatrice Earthquake Damage Cost

€1-2bn damage

Gorkha Earthquake Date

25 April 2015

Gorkha Earthquake Magnitude

M7.8

Gorkha Earthquake Casualties

9,000 deaths, 20,000 injured

Gorkha Earthquake Homelessness

3 million homeless

Typhoon Haiyan Wind Speed

315 km/h

Typhoon Haiyan Storm Surge

5m storm surge

Typhoon Haiyan Death Toll

6,300+ deaths

Cumbria Flooding Rainfall

341mm rain in 24 hrs

Cumbria Flooding Impact

1,300 homes flooded

Cumbria Flooding Damage Cost

£275m damage

St Helen's Pond Ecosystem Type

Freshwater ecosystem

St Helen's Pond Abiotic Factors

light, temperature, oxygen levels

Epping Forest Size

2,400 hectares

Epping Forest Visitor Numbers

2.4 million visitors/year

Tropical Rainforest Climate

Equatorial climate (27-30°C), rainfall >2000mm/year, nutrient-poor soils (leaching), rapid nutrient cycling, layered structure, extremely high biodiversity

Svalbard Winter Temperatures

Below -30°C

Svalbard Summer Temperatures

Around 5°C

Permafrost

Permanently frozen ground

Polar Desert Precipitation

<250mm per year

Lake District Formation

Formed ~20,000 yrs ago (last Ice Age), U-shaped valleys (Great Langdale), corries (Red Tarn), arêtes (Striding Edge), ribbon lakes (Windermere)

Lake District Tourism Management

Footpath repair, zoning, park-and-ride

River Tees Upper Course

V-shaped valleys, waterfalls (High Force)

River Tees Middle Course

Meanders, lateral erosion

River Tees Lower Course

Wide floodplain, deposition

Thames Estuary Characteristics

Wide estuary, mudflats + salt marshes, tidal range ~7m, important for shipping (London), flood risk (storm surges)

Thames Barrier Purpose

Prevent flooding in London

River Tees Flood Relief

Cow Green Reservoir regulates flow, levees + embankments, channel straightening, flood protection in Yarm + Stockton

Rio de Janeiro Favelas

~20% of population live in favelas

Favela Bairro Project

Paved roads, drainage, electricity

London Docklands Regeneration Actions

London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC), Canary Wharf built, Docklands Light Railway (DLR) + Jubilee Line extension, new housing + offices

BedZED Sustainable Features

Solar panels generate renewable energy, buildings face south, high insulation, rainwater collection + water recycling, green roofs, car sharing + good public transport

Fossil Fuel Extraction Benefits

Provides energy security, creates jobs, generates government tax revenue, supports economic growth, supplies energy, development of infrastructure + technology

Fossil Fuel Extraction Risks

Non-renewable, environmental risks (oil spills), air pollution + CO₂ emissions, expensive extraction, dangerous working conditions

Jamaica Tourism Economic Benefits

Creates jobs, brings in foreign currency, improves infrastructure, multiplier effect

Jamaica Tourism Problems

Seasonal employment, profits often go to foreign companies (leakage), environmental damage, overdependence on tourism

Outer Hebrides Population Change

Population decline, out-migration of young people, ageing population, limited job opportunities, remote location

South Cambridgeshire Population Change

Rapid growth, tech industry (Silicon Fen), commuting to Cambridge

Nissan Sunderland Sustainable Features

Uses renewable energy (wind + solar), recycles materials and reduces waste, produces electric vehicles (e.g. Nissan Leaf), efficient production reduces energy use

Urban Sprawl Impacts

Expansion into countryside, commuting, green belt pressure, housing demand, land-use change