Anatomy Block 3 Lab Exam

structures of alimentary canal

• mouth

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestines

• large intestines

• rectum

• anus

abdominal organs (extra)

liver

pancreas

kidneys

peristalsis

coordinated muscle movements the help food move from one stage to the next

bolus

what food is called once digestion begins from mouth to stomach

chyme

what food is called once it leaves stomach

primary function of the GI tract

breakdown of food via mechanical and chemical digestion and absoprtion of smaller subunits to produce substances the body needs

the teeth, tongue, and stomach physically break up in ___ digestion. enzymes aid in ___ chemical digestion

mechanical … chemical

what breaks proteins into amino acids

proteases

what breaks up carbohydrates into monosaccharides

salivary amylase

what breaks up fats into fatty acids

salivary lipase

food is broken into subunits to be absorbed into the ___ stream and transported through the body. the subunits are used to build complex molecules the body needs to function i.e ___, ___, ___.

blood … albumin, insulin, and hemoglobin

largest organ in the body that makes bile, changes food into energy, and cleans alcohol, medicine, and poisons from blood

Liver

organ that stores bile from the liver and then empties it to help digest fats l

gallbladder

organ that absorbs water and sodium from stool

large intestine/colon

pouch attached to the first part of he large intestine

• no known function (cecum)

appendix

organ that carries food from mouth to the stomach

esophagus

stomach

organ where digestion of protein begins

gland that makes enzymes for digestion and the hormone insulin (which helps body turn food into energy)

pancreas

organ where most digestion occurs

small intestine

lower end of the large intestine, leading to the anus

rectum

anus

opening at the end of the digestive tract wher bowel movement leave the body

3 muscle layers of the stomach

longitudinal, circular, and oblique

teniae coli

3 distinct bands of longitudinal smooth muscle found on the large intestines

functions of the teniae coli:

• faciliate ___

• mixing of ___ matter (aids in water absorption)

• peristalsis

• fecal

free teniae coli

located on the anterior surface, free from any attachments

• on ascending/descending colons w/o manipulation

omental teniae coli

located at the site of the greater omentum attachment

• on transverse colon w/o manipulation

mesocolic teniae coli

located on the side of the colon where the mesocolon (part of the mesentery) attaches

what makes up the portal triad

• common bile duct

• hepatic portal vein

• proper hepatic artery

what is inside the sphincter of oddi

H.A.M

• hepatopancreatic ampulla

• ampulla of vater

• major duodenal papilla

parietal cells secrete ___ & ___ and is found in the ___

HCl … intrinsic factor … stomach

G cells secrete ___ and is found in the ___

gastrin … stomach

chief cells secrete ___ which is converted by ___ into ___ and found in the stomach

persinogen … HCL … pepsin

mucousal cells secrete ___ and is found in the stomach

mucous

I cells secrete ___ in response to high ___ content and is found in the ___

• detects need for additional bile

cholecystokinin (CCK) … fat … duodenum

2 direction of bile

1. bile → R/L hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → duodenum → pancreas

2. bile → R/L hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder for storage

3. bile → R/L hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder for storage (CCK causes contraction to signal need for bile) → common bile duct → duodenum → pancreas

what is the function of bile

to breakdown fat via emulsification

where is bile synthesized

in the right and left lobes of the liver

origin of the celiac trunk

abdominal aorta

origin of the superior mesenteric a.

abdominal aorta

origin of the inferior mesenteric a.

abdominal aorta

origin of the right gonadal (testicular/ovarian) a.

abdominal aorta

origin of the left gonadal (testicular/ovarian) a.

abdominal aorta

origin of the R/L renal a.

abdominal aorta

origin of the left gastric a.

celiac trunk

origin of the splenic a.

celiac trunk

origin of the common hepatic a.

celiac trunk

origin of the proper hepatic a.

common hepatic a.

origin of the gastroduodenal a.

common hepatic a.

drainage of inferior mesenteric v.

splenic v.

• portal

drainage of splenic v.

hepatic portal v.

• portal

drainage of suepr mesenteric v.

hepatic portal v.

• poral

drainage of hepatic portal v.

liver

• portal

drainage of the liver

R/L hepatic v.

• caval

drainage of R gonadal v.

IVC

• caval

drainage of R renal v.

IVC

• caval

drainage of L gonadal v.

L renal v.

• caval

drainage of L renal v.

IVC

• caval

portal system

system that has oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood coming from GI tract

• nutrients from digested/absorbed food

• blood goes to liver for detoxification

• liver pulls molecules from blood to make important products (proteins, hormones, and clotting factors)

pelvis is formed by two ___ bones, along w/ the ___ and ___ posteriorly

inonminate bones … sacrum… coccyx

the inonminate bones meet anteriorly at the ___

pubic symphysis

laterally, the inonminate bones articule w/ the head of the ___ to make the hip joint of the acetabulum

femur

inonnominate bone is made of ___ bones that fuse

3

ilium

superior part of the innominate bone that has iliac crest landmark which can be palpated at lvl of L4

ischium

bone located posteriorly and inferiorly on the innominate bone

pubis

bone located anteriory and join together bc fibrocartilage to make the pubic symphysis

obturator foramen

found at the junction between pubis and ischium

• also has obturator nerve, artery, and vein

sacrospinous ligament

from sacrum to ischial spine

from sacrum to ischial tuberosity and posterior iliac spines

sacrotuberous ligament

what is formed when the sacropspinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament cross and close their greater and lesser sciatic notches

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

contents of the grreater sciatic foramen

piriformis m. and sciatic n.

contents of the lesser sciatic foramen

obturator internus m. and pudendal n.

four muscles that make the pelvic floor

• puborectalis

• pubococcygeus

• iliococcygeus

• ischiococcygeus (coccygeus)

PUB (2x) - IL - ISH

3 pelvic floor levator ani muscles

pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis

• damage to them causes fecal incontinence and pelvic organ descent

the gonads (ovaries) are homologous w/ ___

gonads (testicles)

the glans clitoris is homologous with ___

glans penis

the ovarian a. and v. are homologous with the ___

testicular a. and v.

the paraurethral glands of skne are homologous with the ___ but arent ___ themeselves

prostate gland … prostate glands

the rectouterine/douglas/cul-de-sac pouch is homogolous with ___

rectovesical pouch

the greater vestibular gland/bartholin’s gland is homologous with ___

bulbourethral gland/cowper’s glands

the urethras of men and women are ___

homologous

where most fertilizations take place

ampulla

internal anal sphincter innervation

sympathic and parasympathetic NS

external anal sphincter innervation

pudendal n.

uterus’ broad ligament

mesometrium

uterine/fallopian/oviduct tube’s broad ligament

mesosalphinx

erectile tissue of penis

corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum

corpus spongiosum

cylinder-shaped mass of erectile tissue that surround spongy urethra

corpus cavernosum

two masses superior to the corpus spongiosum

• fill w/ blood during an erection

prostate gland

inferior to male bladder and posterior aspect

• palpation via digital rectal exmination

the vas deference moves behind the ___, dilates near the ___ and enters the prostate via the ___ to the join the ___ urethra

bladder … seminal vesicles …ejaculatory duct … prostatic

perineum

region between genitals and anus

3 superficial muscles of the perineum

• superficial transverse perineal m.

• ischiocavernosis m.

• bublospongiosus m.

the cowpers gland is is synomunous to ___ and homologous to ___

bulbourethral gland … bartholins gland/greater vestibular gland

the bartholins gland is synonymous with ___ and homologous with ___

greater vestibular gland … cowpers gland/bulbourethral gland

pathway of sperm

2. Seminiferous Tubules

3. Epidymis

4. Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens

5. Ejaculatory DUCT

6. Nothing

7. Urethre

8. Penis

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